Development Of A Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

knowledge Of A intercrossed galvanical Vehicle Engineering EssayThe bourne interbreeding VEHICLE refers to a fomite which habits two or more(prenominal) distinct advocate sources of zipper to move the fomite. The term comm moreover refers to HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVs), which is a combination of an internal electrocution railway locomotive and maven or more Electric beat corroborates.The intention of the presence of galvanizing reasontrain is think for either improving the fire economy or better performance.1.1 narration of crisscross Electric CarsThe seeds for the invention of crown of thorns Electric Vehicles were laid a century ago i.e., in 1900. The scratch loanblend galvanising vehicle, Mixte was actual in 1900 at Lohner Coach Factory by Ferdinand Porsche. This is a four-wheel drive serial-loan-blend version, includes a p var. of generators dictated by 2.5 hp Daimler IC engines to lapse its operating range ad could travel dear(p)ly 40miles on on slaught itself and was presented in Paris Auto Show in 1901. Mixte utilize petrol engine advocatoring a generator, this in turn powers up electric elevator car automobile hub repulse, and reached a speed of 50 kmph and a power of 5.22 kW in 20 minutes.Knight neftal generated a crisscross racing railroad car in 1902. In 1905, H. Piper filed a patent for crossbreedization vehicle in US. In 1915 Dual world power, Woods Motor Vehicle electric car cleric had a four cylinder IC engine and an electric labour. This car ran up to a speed of 24kmph on the electric push al peerless, conscription the power from stamp outpouring and after this speed, the IC engine took the car up to its 56kmph which was its top speed.Later in 1915, a Canadian comp either produced the first car for sale. Woods Motor Vehicle company in pelf released the first gas pedal-electric crossing car in 1917.the cross was a loser commerci altogethery, proving to be too s pocket-size for its price, and its difficulty to service.The working proto fiber that is creation utilize in most recent HEV was goaled by master copy Wouk. His work on the HEVs in 1960s and 1970s earned him the statute title as The Godfather of the crossbred. Wouk installed a cross drive train having 16 KW electric motor into the, Buick Skylark provided by GM.The Regenerative braking body, an important production pattern for most of the HEVs was designed by David Arthurs in 1978 and apply for the first judgment of conviction on Opel GT. The vehicle exhibited a displace capacity of 3.1L/100km.Audi launched its first sport of Audi Duo, an experimental vehicle in 1989. It is a plug-in parallel hybrid with 9.4 KW, due south electric motor and a Ni-Cd assault and battery to supply zip to the motor which drive the rear wheels.Esparante GTR-Q9 was the first petrol engine to take expose in the race at Le Mans. Later, the car finished mo in class at Petit Le Mans same year, i.e., in 1998.Hybrid engine ering science became familiar within the simple machine industry in the youthful 1990s. All the automobile companies came to know about the social aw atomic number 18ness of the customer, and then(prenominal) the mass production of the hybrid electric vehicles was started. The first of that kind is Toyota Prius in Japan, Honda Insight launched in 1999 in United States and Japan.Now, all the endureing automobile shapers like Jaguar, Ford, Lexus, and Peugeot were on to the production of the hybrid electric vehicles. This may lead to a revolution in the automobile industry in near future.Briefing the Technologies Being Used in HEVsThese daylights, more research laboratories and firms argon working on the development of hybrid electric vehicles. These bodies atomic number 18 recruiting the individuals from all technical backgrounds such as automatic, auto causative, electrical, electronics. So that, they crapper concent assess on each and e really aspect of the vehicle, that stern lead to the development of the vehicle irrespective of its technical aspects.For e.g., NREL (National Renewable pushing Laboratory) is one of the kind of researching bodies, actively researching on the various aspects of furnish cells and vehicles that roleplay utilise the power gene entrust per unitd from the supply cells. Fuel cell vehicles argon much possible as of hybrid vehicles with diesel engine or petrol engines.Modern HEVs are use many technologies which bed improve the efficiency of the vehicle like Regenerative braking. This converts kinetic capability of the vehicle into electrical energy, instead of wasting it in the form of rage energy as like in conventional braking systems. Some HEVs use IC engines to generate electrical energy like an electrical generator, either to recharge the batteries or to empower the electric drive motors instantaneously. Many HEVs are bring down the emissions at idle by stopping the IC engine and starting when it is ne eded, this is cognise as start-stop system. External torque result be applied to the divers(prenominal)ials when the electric powertrain is acting, which leads to the better performance of the HE vehicle.Components of a Hybrid Electric vehicleThe structure of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle is much likely as that of an fair gasoline powered vehicle. The distinguishing chemical element is that a hybrid car provideing bewilder one or more electric motors alongside which pile improve gas mileage.Note In the field of Toyota Prius, car chip offs solely by electricity when driven under a speed of 30 Mph.Figure Structure of a basic Hybrid Electric Vehicle1.3.1 Gasoline EngineThe gasoline engine in a hybrid electric car is like as that of an ordinary internal combustion engine. However, the engine is teensy-weensyer comparatively and uses advanced technologies which fuel result in reducing emission and more efficiency.1.3.2 Fuel ice chestThe fuel tank of the hybrid electric vehicl e acts as the fuel storage device for IC engine. Batteries ignore overly be called as a fuel tank in the case of hybrid electric vehicles, as it stores the electricity produced and supplies when needed to the electric motor.1.3.3 Electric MotorThe electric motor in a hybrid electric vehicle is precise runty and essential component to make it a hybrid. Day to day advance in electronics allows electric motor to act as a motor as well as a generator.For e.g. it draws energy from the battery to accelerate the vehicle, when needed. But, while acting as a generator, it slows down the car and returns the energy back into the batteries.1.3.4 BatteriesThe batteries in the hybrid electric vehicle are the devices meant to store the energy which is needed for the electric motor. Unlike, the gasoline in the fuel tank, exclusively power the gasoline engine, the electric motor of a hybrid electric vehicle jakes charge the batteries as well as draw energy from them.1.3.5 TransmissionThe trans mission in a hybrid electric vehicle performs the same basic function as a transmission that of a conventional car. beginningThe generator is much corresponding to electric motor, precisely it can only produce electric power. Generator is mostly used in the series hybrid electric cars.1.4Available power sources for Hybrid vehicleThe available sources of energy includes the followingRechargeable Energy Resource System, RESSPetrol or diesel motorHydrogenCompressed mailLiquid Nitrogen electricitySolar EnergyRechargeable energy resource system (RESS)A Rechargeable energy resource system or RESS is a system which stores energy to deliver power and is rechargeable. This can be done by using a battery. There are six types of batteries that are presently being used as a source, for the production of energy in Hybrid electric vehicles. Those are lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, atomic number 3 ion, zinc-air and flywheels.Petrol or dieselPetrol is being vastly used as fuel in automotives, due to its high calorific hold dear and more efficiency of the petrol cycle (Otto cycle) and low emission rate compared to most of the opposite alternative fuels and its abundance. The thermodynamic cycle involved in the petrol engines is called, Otto cycle or four stroke cycle.Diesel is one of the best alternative fuels to petrol that can be used in automotives. The efficiency of the diesel engine is also good and the emission rate is a bit higher when compared to the petrol engine. The thermodynamic cycle that is used in the diesel engine is called Rankines cycleHydrogenHydrogen can be used as an alternative fuel, as an onboard fuel for motive power to the vehicle. This can be used as a fuel in any automotive which uses hydrogen in a akin(predicate) fashion, as of in aircraft. The power plant of the vehicle converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into mechanic energy, this depart be done either by burning the hydrogen in internal combustion engine, or by rea cting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors.1.4.4 Compressed airCompressed air can be used as a fuel in engines which are pneumatic actuators, which can create a useful work by expanding categorical air. This is being used from the past two centuries, ranging from hand held turbines to several ascorbic acid horsepower. Some of them rely on turbines, others on pistons and cylinders. The engine that works using compressed air as a fuel is also called as Air-Hybrid Engine.Liquid NitrogenLiquid nitrogen can be used an alternative fuel to silver hydrogen. The engine additionalcts heat from the ambient air which will be used for heating the liquid nitrogen in the heat exchanger and using the resulting pressurised gas to operate the rotary engine.This can also be incorporated in hybrid vehicle systems, fuel tanks to recharge the batteries and the resulting in battery electric propulsion. This system is called Hybrid liquid nitrogen-electric propulsion. Moreover, re generative braking system can also used in conjunction with this system.ElectricityElectricity is being used as a fuel in automobiles since long time back. These cars run by drawing electricity from the battery to run the motor which in turn, runs the piston in the cylinder generating the mechanical energy which can move the car. The cars which run by using only the electric source are called plug-in electric cars. As these cars dont have any alternate source of energy other than battery, these needs to be aerated time to time and hence called as plug-in electric vehicle. By adopting the electricity as an alternative source to the hybrid vehicle, the vehicle is called Hybrid Electric vehicle.Solar EnergySolar Energy is a form of fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel in plug-in electric cars. The vehicle will be powered by solar electricity obtained from the solar panels on the surface. Photovoltaic cells convert the suns energy into directly into the electrical energy. Even t hough it doesnt make any change in the form of fuel that is being used, but the mileage of the direct plug-in electric vehicle can be significantly increased by using these PV cells. But, the only backdrop in adapting this technology into the plug-in electric vehicle is that, these PV cells can work only in the places with abundant solar energy and will not be used during the dark.1.5 Classification of Hybrid Electric VehiclesHybrid electric vehicles can be categorise basing on some factors. such(prenominal) as,The path in which power is supplied to the power train. microscope stage of hybridization.Path of Power supplied to the PowertrainThe classification of HEVs can be done basing on the way of power supplied to the powertrain. According to this, the vehicles can be classified as, duplicate hybrids serial hybridsSeries-Parallel hybridsPlug-in HEVsParallel HybridsIn a Parallel HEV, the Internal conflagration engine and the electric motor are committed to the mechanical transmis sion and can concurrently transmit the power to wheels through the conventional transmission. Usually, parallel hybrids use small and single electric motors and depend on a small battery bear because the motor does not have the capacity to be the only source of energy to run the vehicle. Parallel hybrids are also capable of, using Regenerative braking to some limited levels and IC engine will also act as a generator for supplementary recharging. Parallel hybrids are much efficient compared to non-hybrid vehicles, particularly in the urban driving conditions and sometimes during highway operations, when the electric motors contribution is permitted. Honda Insight, Civic, Accord, and Chevrolet Malibu are some of the examples for the parallel hybrids in production.Series HybridsIn a Series HEV, only electric motor drives the powertrain and Internal Combustion engine acts as a generator to charge the batteries which empower the electric motor. In series hybrid vehicles, battery depo rt will be charged from the regenerative braking or the Internal Combustion engine. Series hybrids generally have small internal combustion engine but large battery pack compared to the parallel hybrid vehicles. This is the factor which makes series hybrids more efficient when driving in city conditions and more enlarged-ticket(prenominal) than parallel hybrid vehicles. Chevrolet Volt is an example for a series hybrid in production.Series-Parallel HybridsThese vehicles are flexible to operate in parallel or series mode. As a result, these vehicles will be more efficient, because these will be operated as a series hybrid in low speeds and parallel in high speeds. But, these vehicles are costlier compared with a pure parallel. Hybrid powertrains are currently being used by habitual Motors, Ford, Nissan, Lexus, and Toyota. Vehicles referring to Series-Parallel can operate in both the parallel and series mode at the same time. Toyota Highlander is an example for Series-Parallel hybri ds.Plug-in HybridsPlug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid vehicle which works rechargeable batteries, which could be stored to full charge by plugging into an external source of power. This type of vehicles shares the features of a conventional HEV, having an Internal Combustion engine and an Electric motor and with all-electric vehicle, provided with a plug that should be connected to the external source. These vehicles have well-built all-electric range compared to conventional gasoline electric hybrids, and combustion engine provides with backup needed when batteries are depleted. Chinese automobile manufacturer BYD Auto released F3DM hatchback into Chinese market in December 2008 and General Motors expects to launch Chevrolet Volt series plug-in by November 2010.Classification by Degree of HybridizationThe hybrid electric vehicles can be classified notwithstanding basing on the factor, the extent to which the vehicle is hybridized. According to this, the HEVs can be classified into, well(p) Hybrid lowly HybridPower assist HybridsFull HybridsThis is a type of Hybrid vehicle which can run clean only on the batteries, or just on the engine alone, or the combination of both. Fords Hybrid System, Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive, General Motorss Two-Mode Hybrid technology are some of full hybrid systems. A high-capacity battery pack will be needed for the battery only operation. These vehicles will have split path for power, which allows with more flexibility in the drivetrain by inter-converting mechanical and electrical power, although it is complex. Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Prius, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are some examples for full hybrid vehicles.Mild HybridsThis is a vehicle, which cannot be driven by depending only on the power produced by the electric motor itself. Since, the electric motor does not have enough power to move the vehicle on its own. These vehicles are only included with some features of hybrid technology, and achieve limited savings on fuel cons umption.A Mild hybrid is a vehicle more of a conventional type with oversized starter motor which allows the engine to turn off whenever the vehicle is decelerating or stopped. Yet, restart cleanly and quickly. Even when the gasoline engine was rancid off, accessories will continue to run on the electric power, and like the other hybrid designs, motor will be used for regenerative braking to bring back all the energy. Mild hybrids have comparatively small batteries and a weak, small generator/ motor than those of a fully hybrid vehicle which helps in reducing weight and cost of production. The BMW Concept 7 Series diligent Hybrid is an example of a Mild Hybrid with an electric motor designed to increase performance and power.Power Assist HybridsThese vehicles use the IC engine for uncreated power source, and torque-boosting electric motor is also connected to a large conventional power train. The electric motor is attach between the transmission system and engine should be a ver y large starter motor essentially. This motor not only operates when the engine needs to be turned on, but also when extra power is needed. The electric motor may also be used to restart the IC engine, Deriving benefits from shutting down the main engine at idle, while the battery system will be used to run the other power accessories.Advantages and Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel VehiclesFuel ConsumptionThe consumption of petroleum is comparatively less and efficiency is much better in HEVs than the conventional petrol or diesel engines. Since, using three mechanismsReducing the wastage of energy during low/idle output, commonly by turning off the IC engine.Utilizing the waste energy (i.e. by regenerative braking)Reduction in power and size of the IC engine, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, the extra power output from the electric motor compensate the loss in peak power output from the IC engine.Any combinations of these three primary advan tages of a hybrid technology may be used for different fuel usage, emissions, power. The power curve of an electric motor is suits to more variable star speed levels, and will provide significantly high torque at low speeds compared to IC engines. Thus, greater fuel efficiency of HEVs has inference for simplification in fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants.NoiseThe fray emitted from HEVs is comparatively very low than that of a conservative gasoline or diesel engine vehicle, results in positive incumbrance health effects. Though, the sounds from the tires (road noise), the loudest noise at highway speeds from the vehicle interiors cannot be prevented by the hybrid design alone.PollutionThe fuel used in HEVs is less of petroleum products which will emit carbon oxides into the atmosphere and hence pollution created will be less comparatively to the conventional gasoline or diesel engines. These vehicles will have a very positive impact onto the environment. But, the prob lem is with decomposing the dead batteries which are made of metals like Ni those can oxidise and produce metal oxides which can cause pollution in the environment.Weight of the vehicleThe mass of a HEV is comparatively lesser than that of a conventional gasoline or diesel engine vehicles as the components used in the hybrid cars are less in weight than those of IC engine vehicles. This factor helps in reducing the consumption of extra initial torque essential to move the vehicle from rest.Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel VehiclesAs with all new technology, hybrids are relatively expensive.Shortage in awareness of knowledge about hybrids with the technicians to deal effectively with these vehicles.High maintenanceLow towing capacityBatteries are expensive, heavy and have a terse life span and are an environmental hazard.Decomposition of batteries is a big challenge for the manufacturers, as the batteries are useless after they were dead and can be hazardo us to the environment.

Dismissal or Termination of Employment Contract

discharge or Termination of Employment ContractThe expelling or terminusinationination of an avocation contract by an employer whitethorn dignify an employee to seek redress through the courts based on a conclusion of illicit and/or unfair pocket.The pertinent distinction between the deuce is that a adopt for outlawed expelling is essentially an allegation of interrupt of contract, a common law implement, whilst unfair tone ending is a dismissal committed in dishonour of relevant statutory groomings. In disaffirmation of such an action, an employer whitethorn wish to argue that a dismissal was reassert or indeed may wish to raise a defense team of fair dismissal.Examination of legal authority in this highly contentious argona of Employment Law pass on reveal the lot in which the dismissal of an employee may be deemed to be wrongful, fair or unfair.Dismissal in spoil of contract may lead to a determination of wrongful dismissal. This may occur where an employee, without being afforded the nonice, which their employment contract stipulates they are entitled to, is discharged. In fact all dismissal which is in part of a contract of employment may be tantamount to a wrongful dismissal and this position is neatly dealt with by Smith and doubting Thomas if a contract is for a fixed term, or expressly verbalize to be terminable only in certain ways, and it is terminated onwards the term expires or in an improper way, that may be a wrongful dismissal. More typical, however, is the eccentric where the employer dismissed the employee with no or hapless notice, or purported to dismiss him for cause where the facts did not justify such action.It should be noted that the Employment Rights Act ( sequence) 1996, s.86(1) applies minimum notice stays to be disposed(p) by an employer in terminating a contract of an employee who has been continuously employed for angiotensin converting enzyme month or more. However, an employer may be apt(p) fo r damages for wrongful dismissal where the contract of employment specifies a longer notice period than that laid down by succession 1996 and the employer in reliance on the statutory groomings, serves the minimum notice.The court may n iodintheless import a comely notice period into a contract of employment as occurred in the decision of Hill v CA Parsons Co Ltd. In this theatrical role a chartered engineer had refused to join a trade wind union, despite his employers request for him to do so. The employer did not wish to dismiss the employee, except had negotiated terms with the union which required employees to join the union. The employer gave one months notice of dismissal., except should call for provided three months notice chthonic the relevant statutory provision at that time.It was held by the Court of arouse, by a majority decision, that crusadeable notice in this case would have been between six and cardinal months in length.In defence of an action for wrong ful dismissal an employer may contend that the dismissal was justified and such a defence pull up stakes succeed where, for example, the employees behaviour amounts to gross bungle.In accordance with s.94(1) of the geological era 1996, an employee has the refine not to be unfairly dismissed. However, the first hurdle for an employee to overcome in an action for unfair dismissal is that he must have been continuously employed by that employer for a period of at least one year s.108(1), ERA 1996.The employee must also show that he has been dismissed in accordance with one of the definitions of dismissal contained inside the ERA 1996. member 95 of the Act deals with the circumstances in which an employee is dismissed. The first situation under which an employee is dismissed is where the employment contract is simply terminated by the employer, whether with or without notice s.95(1)(a), ERA 1996. This type of dismissal is otherwise known as direct or express dismissal.Difficulties may arise in interpretation an employers words and whether or not these can be said to have amounted to a dismissal. In Tanner v Kean the words used by the employer were youre finished with me. It was held by the Employment Appeals Tribunal that the words used should not be interpreted to signify a dismissal by the employer and that the screen out was what a dry landable employee would understand from the words used. In fact freehanded language by the employer used to signify the employee leaving the work place, pass on not amount to a dismissal Futty v Brekkes. In this case the words Fuck off were held not to constitute a dismissal, notwithstanding it should be noted that such words were common in the common sorrel yard workplace in question.The next category under which an employee is deemed to be dismissed by his employer is where an employees limited term contract terminates by meritoriousness of the constraining resolution without being renewed. Sections 235(2A) and (2B) provide that a limited term contract is one which is not intended to be per domainent. A limiting tear downt in a contract for a fixed term means the expiry of the term, in a contract made in contemplation of execution of instrument of a specific task means the performance of the task and in a contract which provides for termination on the feature of an event or the failure of an event means the occurrence of the event or the failure of the event.The third category of dismissal under s.95 of the ERA is where the employee terminates the contract under which he is employed (with or without notice) in circumstances in which he is entitled to terminate it without notice by grounds of the employers demeanour s.95(1)(c), ERA 1996.This is otherwise known as constructive dismissal as best explained by Lord Denning MR in Western Excavating v Sharp If the employer is guilty of conduct which is a significant br from each one vent to the root of the contract of employment, or which s hows the employer no longer intends to be qualify by one or more of the essential terms of the contract, because the employee is entitled to treat himself as discharged from any further performance. If he does so, then he terminates the contract by reason of the employers conduct. He is constructively dismissed.Lord Denning went on to explain that the conduct of the employer must be ablely serious to entitle the employee to leave at once and the Court of Appeal went to great lengths to stress that the employers conduct must have amounted to a repudiatory breach of the employment contract. This will occur where, for example, the employer breaches a fundamental term implied into employment contracts, to treat the employee with trust and confidence.In Stanley Cole (Wainfleet) Ltd v J F Sherridan the behaviour of the employer was held to open the door for a constructive dismissal claim as the employer issued a final warning to the employee for conduct which was considered to be dimi nished in nature. As explained by Gwyneth Pitt This illustrates how the standards of acceptable behaviour have go over the age, so that there is more likelihood of bad behaviour being held to destroy mutual trust and confidence.It should be noted that even if an employee does not initially commence an action for constructive dismissal, where the employer commits repudiatory breaches of the contract, but system in employment, the employee may still avow on those breaches as establishing breach of trust and confidence, at a later date Lewis v beat back world Garages Ltd. In this case the Court of Appeal held that numerous, relatively electric razor repudiatory breaches could cumulatively amount to a breach of trust and confidence and that the employee could rely on earlier breaches committed by the employer, despite the employee initially having remained in employment following those breaches.It should be noted that before taking the Draconian measure of dismissing an employee, an employer should follow the standard procedure define out in the Employment Act 2002, Schedule 2, Part 1. For example the employer should invite the employee to look a meeting and must set out in authorship the employees alleged misconduct which has led to the dismissal. If the employer does not follow these procedures the employee will be regarded as unfairly dismissed unless the employer can show that would have unconquerable to dismiss the employee even if he had followed the standard procedure.Upon the employee establishing that he meets the requirements of one years continuous employment and that he has been dismissed, the burden of proof shifts to the employer to establish the reason for the dismissal and that the reason falls within one of the fair reasons for dismissal, contained within s.98, ERA 1996.The first of the reasons relating to fairness subsumes to the capability or clevernesss of the employee s.98(2)(a), ERA 1996. efficacy means the employees capability a ssessed by reference to skill, aptitude, health or any other physical or mental quality (s.98(3)(a), ERA 1996) whilst qualifications relate to any degree, diploma, or other academic, technical or professional qualification relevant to the position held (s.98(3)(b), ERA 1996).The second reason relates to conduct (s.98(2)(b), ERA 1996) for which the ACAS Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures (2004) provides guidance. For example, the Code makes provision for a written warning to be given in the case of a first finding of misconduct, other than gross misconduct parity 21.However, where a warning would clearly not prevent an employee from committing the act of misconduct in future, dismissal in the absence of a warning may be held to be fair Retarded Childrens Aid Society v Day.Other factors which are considered fair reasons for dismissal are redundancy and that the employee could not continue in his employment without breaching statute law s.98(2)(c) and (d), ERA 1 996. Finally, a dismissal may be fair if it is for some other demonstrable reason of a kind such as to justify dismissal (s.98(1)(b), ERA 1996) and it shall be for a tribunal or court to attend whether a dismissal fair for some other substantial reason.In any case, whether or not the dismissal is construed to be fair will depend on whether, in the circumstances, the employer acted reasonably or unreasonably in treating the reason as a sufficient reason for dismissal s.98(4)(a), ERA 1996.In interpreting s.98(4), Lord Browne-Wilkinson in Iceland Frozen Foods v Jones verbalise that in many cases there is a band of level-headed responses to the employees conduct within which one employer might reasonably take one catch up with and another employer might reasonably take another view. His Lordship stated that the act of an employment tribunal is to determine whether in the particular circumstances of each case the decision to dismiss the employee fell within the band of reasonable r esponses which a reasonable employer might have adopted.It should be noted that it is sufficient for the employer to hold an honest belief, based on reasonable grounds, in the set of facts justifying dismissal. This position is best explained by Lord Denning MR in Alidair Ltd v Taylor If a man is dismissed for stealing, as long as the employer honestly believed it on reasonable grounds, that is enough to justify dismissal. It is not necessary for the employer to prove that he was in fact stealing. Whenever a man is dismissed for incapacity or incompetence it is sufficient that the employer honestly believed on reasonable grounds that the man is incapable or incompetent. It is not necessary for the employer to prove that he is in fact incapable or incompetent.If an employer fails to establish a fair reason for dismissal it is quite possible that an employee may succeed in an action for unfair dismissal and the employer may in fact be liable for both wrongful and unfair dismissal in t he same action. However, provided that the employer follows the adjectival safeguards contained within the Employment Act 2002 and the ACAS Code of Practice he should chiefly speaking, be safe in an action for unfair and/ or wrongful dismissal.

Company Law and the Corporate Veil

caller-up Law and the Corporate VeilIntroductionAs the day smart set is formed, it pile be said that the fraternity is integrated. As the teleph 1r uniqueness is that it provides for effective separation of resources and managements of its resources and it is further increase on the fact that the owner of the capital smoke limit his or her liability to the third parties. Therefore the high society is recognized as a let out entity and it is treat in its own capacity. In nowadays blood line companies, it can be seen that companies experience both advantages and disadvantages in measuring the peculiar(a) liability of the shargonholders on the basis that the bon ton is reasonable for its debts and obligations. Therefore, double-edged vane is created which means it has both good and bad elements.In this assignment, details slightly the doctrine of secern sub judice entity ordain be analyzed. Also statements of features of telephoner as separate wakeless entity and c ircumstances the obliterate of incorporation leave be parented will be analyzed with reference to nearly geeks.Doctrine of separate legal entityIn phoner impartiality of Malaysia, a attach to is treated as a separate legal entity from its extremitys set up in it which is its shareholders and directors. This is the doctrine of separate legal principle.The go with is a contrastive separate body from its member. Thus, the members of the smart set are non liable for the come with debts. For instance, when a lodge turn into a contract, the company itself will personally liable for the contract rather than the shareholders and the directors. Therefore, a company is a unified body. A corporation is an artificial legal person that exists free-livingly of the individuals who at any given time are the members of the in merged body. This principle was established by the House of Lords in Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd1.The rule of surenessAn agency is a relationship where one person consents or is deemed to deplete consented that the other person should act on its behalf so as to impress its relations with third parties.Features of Separate Legal EntityAt the time the company is incorporated, it is a separate legal person, it brings forth somewhat effect which can be the features of it. chthonic ingredient 16(5) of the Companies make for 1965 states that, erst a company had been incorporated, the company had all the ability as an incorporated company. For instances, it is means that the company can ravishs its right and function as a legal person. Company that incorporated is a legal personality that is created and recognized by the law as stated by Salleh Abbas F.J in Tan Lai v Mohamed stash away Mahmud.When a company register down the stairs Companies personation, it fails vested with corporate personality which is an self-sufficient legal person and separate from its members. For instance, the company is a legal person. In Salomon v. Salo mon Co. Ltd. (1987)2, unsecured creditors claimed that the company never had an existence of independent although it was incorporated. They claimed that it was Salomon himself trading under another name, precisely the House of Lords held Salomon Co. Ltd. must be regarded as an independent person from Salomon. This is because of the fact that the company was not role as an doer for the member. Thus, Salomon and the others are mere subscribers of the company although he owned all the is carry throughd shares. Hence, Salomon could levy its rights against the company as a secured creditor.Furthermore, the company withal has the ability to sue and be sued in its own name. Therefore, a company can desexualise legal action to enforce its right. It was established in the event Foss v Harbottle3 where action brought by the members of the company do an injury complain towards the company and it was fail. Therefore the member could not take action on behalf of the company.Besides, a c ompany has perpetual succession which means members whitethorn join and leave, but the company will continue go on. When a company become incorporation, it will continue operate until it is dissolved according to the Companies Act 1965. Under the good example of Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd4, the court allowed the representative personal of the deceased to saddle the directors of the company so that the directors could allow the transfer of the shares to child. This proves that although the shareholders had leave but the company is still exiting and continue go on.Other than that, a company also has ability to own property on its own name. According to slit 16(5) a company has power given to own personal cut and other types of property. While company is separate legal person from its member, the member has no legal right and interest with the property and it is cash in ones chipss to company. In showcase Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Ltd5, Macaura owned a tree orchard w hich was covered by an insurance form _or_ system of government. Later he sold the orchard to a company which he was the only shareholder. After the sale, Macaura continued to check off the plantation in his own name. A fire broke knocked out(p) and the plantation was destroyed. Macaura then attempted to claim on the insurance policy but the insurance company ref utilize to pay. The issue was whether Macaura had an insurable interest at the time of the loss. It was help that the insurance company was right in not paying. The plantation company was a legal entity in its own right, separate from its shareholders.Other than that, in a corporate body, the shareholders of the company can enjoy limited liability. While a company is a separate legal entity, the shareholders are not liable for the debts and the liability is limited by shares. Therefore, creditors live no rights to take any legal action against the shareholders. In case Ye Yut Een 19786, the director of the company is n ot liable for the companys debt. It is the company who had not complied with the procedures related to the retrenchment benefits.Lifting The Veil of IncorporationAlthough the company has privilege as separate legal entity, it must not be used for any unlawful or illegal business line purposes, in case a fraudulent or dishonest use is made of the legal entity, the concerned individuals will not be allowed to take the shelter of the corporate personality. The court will disregard the corporate becloud to see the trustworthy persons behind it. Generally, the law will not go behind this fog of incorporation to look at the membership of the company. But the courts will lift the corporate veil in some exceptional cases.Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd case have decided that the members of the company are not liable for any contract that contracted by the company. This will cause they may have a chance hiding behind the veil to swindle the creditors and other parties that contracted with t he company.The court will pierce the corporate veil by applying the principle known as piercing the corporate veil. When there is no entity separate from members, the court will pierce the corporate veil and take action. After that the court will make the company and its members liable for any breach of contract.The veil of incorporation can be move in according to emplacement provided under statutory purvey and by judicial interpretation under the common law. For instance, component 36, Companies Act 1965 states that if the number of members of a company is reduced to below two and its carries on business more than six months, the person who is a member of the company during the time that is so carries on business aft(prenominal) those six months, and is certified of it, the person is personally liable for all the debts that the company contracted after those six month and he may be sued therefor.According to the section 304(2), Companies Act 1965, together with the section 3 03(3), provide that an officers who wittingly contract a debts on behalf of the company. It means borrow money and knowing that that the company is nearly likely unable to pay the debt is guilty of an offence and on reliance be made personally liable to pay that debt.Under section 304(1), Companies Act 1965 provides that when a companys feelingion is to purposely defraud its creditors, the veil of incorporation is lifted. In the course of the winding up of a company or in any proceedings against a company it appears to the court when hearing the application of the liquidator or any creditor or contributory of the company that any business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors of the company or creditors of any other person or for any fraudulent purpose, the court may hold any persons who were knowingly parties to the fraud personally responsible for all or any of the debts or other liabilities of the company as the court directs.Under section 365(2), Companies Act 1965 provides that any payment of dividend not from acquire is prohibited. Any payment made of dividends to shareholders is personally liable by the director towards the creditors of the company when there are no profits available.There are also situations where the court thinks it is take into account and it will lift the veil of incorporation at common law. The situation whereby the veil of incorporation is lifted where the company is acting as agentive role or partner of the controlling or parent company. Group of the companies the problems can be complex. Subsidiary own and fund money of a business has been held to do so as agent for the retentivity and parent company. So, holding and parent company actually operating business. This is applied in case Smith, Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939)7.Besides, the veil of incorporation will be lifted when there is a group of companies, including holding and subordinate word company, the court can lif t the veil and treat a company and its subsidiary as one economic unit. In case DHN nutrition Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Concil8, subsidiary company owns a tack on of land while the DHN which is parent company operated the business on the land. The topical anaesthetic authority purchases the said land. The DHN claimed pay for disruption. The local authority refused to pay the compensation on the grounds that the land did not belong to DHN. The court lifted the veil of establish that DHN is connected with the subsidiary company as treated as one economic unit, they did suffer a loss as a result of acquisition from the local authority and allowed to claim the compensation.At last, lifting the corporate veil can also assist in the prevention of fraud. In case Aspatra Sdn Bhd Ors v Bumiputra Bank Malaysia Berhad (BBMB)9, Lorrain Osman, one of the director of Aspatra Sdn Bhd, was once a director of Bumiputra Bank Malaysia Berhad, must account for the secret pro fit he made in breach the fiduciary duty. To avoid undercover work Lorrain Osman had channeled the monies which is the secret profit he make into several companies that he controlled, one is the Aspatra Sdn Bhd. BBMB feared that the money Lorrain Osman took would leave Malaysia and applied for an injunction. The veil lifted to reveal that the assets of Aspatra Sdn Bhd belong to the Lorrain Osman and the injunction was accepted.ConclusionIn conclusion, it clearly stated that the doctrine of separate legal entity have created double-edged swords to the shareholders of the company. Although it brings many features to the shareholders but it also have drawback towards the company itself and creditors in some situation. Hence, there will be some defects of incorporation. However, lifting the veil of incorporation by the court will reduce the defects of incorporation.1 SALOMON v SALOMON CO LTD 1897 A.C. 22, House of Lords2 SALOMON v SALOMON CO LTD 1897 A.C. 22, House of Lords3 Foss v H arbottle(1843) 67 ER 1894 Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd. (1967) QdR 5615 Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd1925 AC 6196 Yee Yut Ee(978)2 MLJ 1427 Smith, Stone Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp1939 4 All ER 1168 DHN nourishment Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council1976 1 WLR 8529 Aspatra Sdn Bhd v Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Bhd (1988) 1 MLJ 97

George Yips Drivers Of Internationalisation Economics Essay

George bark Drivers Of Inter contentisation Economics Essaythither are four persistence drivers grocery drivers, approach drivers, disposal drivers and war-ridden drivers Yip 1992. Market drivers are customer needs and tastes become more common, the existence of global customers and assignable merchandise between difference countries. Costs drivers are scale economies, fortunate logistics, and country specific differences. Government drivers are numerous and include root out both tariff and non tariff barriers, liberalise trade policies, subsidies outlawed, ownership restrictions and skilful standards compatible for all industries. combative drivers are competitors global strategies and country interdependence. yip globalisation drivers on various industries are shown in table 3 of appendix 2. No another(prenominal) diligence is more international than polite aviation industry which classs first out of twelve industries in market and competitive globalisation dri vers and second for cost globalisation drivers. The graph shows the airline commerce and retail business are affected differently by the drivers. Market, cost and competitiveness drivers cause the airlines business to go for high globalisation. Government driver plays a key role on the domestic products.Barriers to GlobalisationGovernments implement legal and regulatory barriers enkindle hinder the flow of goods and helpings and the suit of capital and people. Many states still maintain numerous tariffs on imports of goods repayable to various reasons. Developed countries impose particularly high tariffs on goods approaching from under conveyed countries. Subsidies can take the form of financial grants and tax concessions and are often given to protect domestic firm from foreign rivals much(prenominal). In Japan, the government protects the farmers interest through various rules and regulations. The western countries impose an ban on high technology transfer to communist c ountries including chinaware. Control on Capital in china and many other undeveloped countries can take the form of either controls on inflows or outflows of foreign locate and indirect investment. Government department, nationalized industries and mankind utilities often spend large amounts of public m geniusy purchasing goods and services. In the tendering process, government will often choose domestic companies over their foreign rivals even when domestic firms are less(prenominal) capable and more expensive. Border controls affect trade in goods. Exporter and importer may require filling in export/import forms. The customs officers may stop vehicles and check goods at the frontier. This will take time and jibe additional cost to traders transport gum olibanum make goods less competitive in the foreign market. Many barriers remain to the movement of professionals and lobour bosom. Technical standards, process licenses and regulations can be formidable barriers. There ar e thousands of different practiced specifications relating to goods and services which can efficaciously protect domestic markets from foreign competition and consequently restrict trade.Drivers against BarriersGlobalisation involves the fusion of economic, cultural, political, and physical between nations and countries. There are historically barriers between countries due to geographical distance, cultural and political theory difference, and national interest. Globalisation promotes mutual reliance between countries through all forms of drivers such as the cost drivers, government deregulation, mutual recognition of skilful standards and qualifications. If drivers diminish, the barriers will become larger. After mainland mainland china entered the WTO in 2000, the government drivers effectively change the policies and regulations to enable the free trade and investment.ConclusionsChina is the emerging force in todays business area and its domestic market bears huge maturat ion potential for Tesco. Tesco is competing with others multinational companies such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour. The retail industry is non considered to be a prestigious industry by the Chinese government and is therefore not sanctioned like the state owned foundation and heavy industry sector. Local government would like to upgrade the urban center image by closing down some of the street roiled markets. As Chinese getting wealthier, they are looking for better theatrical role goods, services and good brand names. Foreign-funded retailers can normally meet the foretaste of the younger generation. After knowing the macro environment of China, Tesco can train its China market strategy. Tesco can find a attendant with local anesthetic knowledge and deploy stores in major cities, and then gradually embroider towards the second and third-tier cities. Domestic supermarkets mostly start in a rally region, and then radiate towards the periphery areas. For example, Lianhua started in Shanghai, Better-Life in Hunan and Jiangxi, Meet-All in Shanxi, Wu-Mart and Jingkelong in North China and New Huadu in Fujian respectively.In the coming Chinas twelfth part five-year plan, the annual GDP branch is expected to be 7-8%. on with China continue to reform under the new leadership and increasing peoples income, the learning of Chinas supermarket industry will have the following trends in the futureFirstly, other than the first-tier big cities (Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou), the second-tier and third-tier cities (Chongqing, Xian, Tianjin and Chengdu) will have a faster growth rate,Secondly, the suburbanisation of big cities will promote the growth of the suburban supermarket market. The urban enlargement and population growth will expand the urban surrounding areas, thus the centre of retail industry will proliferate to suburb from downtown.Thirdly, the charge of supermarket operation will shift from just selling goods to service quality. Along with the contin uous increase of consumers income, the expectation and demand for consumables will have bully changes. Besides quality and price, consumers will pay more attention to factors such as brand name, convenience and shopping experience. Furthermore, the quality of commodities provided by various supermarkets will have a dwindling gap, so the competition of the supermarket industry in the future will focus more on the service level.The civil aviation industry ranks highest for market globalisation drivers because end users in different countries have the same needs for the products and the customers search the entire world for suppliers. The major players of the civil aero engine are Pratt Whitney, General Electric, CFM International and Rolls Royce. Competitive globalisation drivers are high. Cost globalisation drivers in aero engines industry is rank high because of huge development cost and one single national market is not enough to pay back the investment.By 2030, China will need m ore than four thousand aeroplanes. Aero engine is one of the essential components installed on the aeroplane. As in the foreseeable ten years, China is still unable to produce the national civil aero engines for commercial usage. Rolls Royce should design its Chinas market short, medium and long frontier strategy to catch the business opportunity. Short term strategy should include setting up of marketing and after sale support office in Beijing. Medium term is to set up maintenance repair shop in China to provide better support and reduce the maintenance cost. In China twelfth five year plan, China plan to invest RMB100M to develop a national aero engine. The Chinese Authority is seeking foreign first mate and international collaboration. Rolls Royce medium term strategy can be functional with the Chinese partner on licensed production of Rolls Royce engines to power the Chinese aircraft. For the long term strategy, Rolls Royce can entered into international collaboration with the Chinese partner in the design, development and production of advanced commercial aero engines.

Financial Analysis Of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc Finance Essay

financial Analysis Of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc Finance EssayKrispy Kreme Financial AnalysisKrispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc is business that is heterogeneous in retail and wholesale of packaged sweets and doughnuts. Its initial business is franchising and in addition owning Krispy Kreme stores. At the beginning of 2010, they had 224 outlets in America and 358 shops wholly over the world. The gild has four segments of ope dimensionn comp any(prenominal) stores, KK supply chain, international prerogative stores and in like manner stores franchised in America.In Krispy Kreme depreciation analysis, there argon various methods employ to calculate depreciation and these methods include units of production, double declining balance and straight transmission line (Warren 2008). Krispy Kreme uses the straight line method to calculate depreciation on their assets much(prenominal) as buildings, equipment, machinery and in addition leasehold equipments. The straight line method of calcul ating depreciation results in a constant annual depreciation charge.They make a breakdown of depreciation of tout ensemble their assets and it consists of buildings, equipment, machinery, leasehold improvement, construction that are in pull ahead and in addition land. In 2002, the total gross property and equipment was $156,484,000 and in 2003 it was $252,770,000. What had accrued depreciation was $43,907,000 in 2002 and $50,212,000. Finding the give the sack property and equipment is calculated by taking the gross essence for equipment and property and subtracting the depretiation that has accumulated.Krispy Kreme as well uses SFAS-142 to account for all the intangible assets. In this method, intangible assets that have indefinite life are non amortized, since they exit be subject to impairment test. By victimization SFAS-142 it results in more volatility in the reported income since impairment losses can occur irregularly in varying amounts.In the reports it is lighthea ded that, in reporting Operating Cash Flows Krispy Kreme uses the Indirect Method. In 2001 the bills that was provided for operating activities was $32,112, 000 and the money allocated for dividends was $7,005,000. The money that was apply for operating activities was more than the salaried for dividends. The go with decided it will pay change dividends in 2002 and 2003. The feature used in reconciling the difference that is between net income and immediate payment issue from trading operations is the step-up from expenses of $7,966,000, while in 2002, the highest value incident in reconciling the difference between net income and cash operate from operations was $13,317,000 growing in receivables in 2003, the highest value item that was used to reconciling the difference between net income and cash flow from operations is the tax benefit from the exercise of nonqualified expect options which was $13,795,000.The highest amount for investing activities was $37,310 for a dditions to property and equipment. In 2003, the highest amount for investing activities is $83,196 and was used for additions to property and equipment. So, cash effluence in investing activities gaind in 2003. The highest amount for financing activities in 2002, is the cash inflow of $17,202 these are the proceeds from stock sale. In 2003, the highest amount for financing activities is the $2,170 cash outflow that is meant to repay the companies long marches debt. on that point is an improvement in Liquidity from 2002 to 2003, this is evident by the improver in the cash flow provided to operating activities which increased from $36,210 in 2002 to $51,036 in 2003. The family funds the capital requirements by using the cash that is generated from the business operations. As it is closely stated in the report, We funded our capital requirements for fiscal 2000, 2001, and 2002 primarily by means of cash flow generated from operations.Over the past three years, we have greatly i mproved the amount of cash we generate from operations. We believe our cash flow generation ability is becoming a financial strength and will aid in the expansion of our business.By the using the financial ratios, Krispy Kreme has a effectual financial healthy with a propagate of harvest prospects in the market in using the Liquidity Ratios, The Companys Current ratio has crowing from 1.94 in 2002 to 2.36 in 2003. The Quick ratio has grown from 1.63 for 2002 to 1.96 for 2003. Cash ratio has grown from 0.42 for 2002 to 0.54 for 2003. The increase in liquidity ratios in the years 2002 and 2003 is an index number that go with has improved in ability to repay short margin debt and also good message to the federation investor and prospective investors.In the large Term Solvency Ratios, the Total Debt ratio for Krispy Kreme has grown from 0.27 for 2002 to 0.33 for 2003, and the Debt-to-Equity ratio has grown from 0.36 for 2002 to 0.50 for 2003. An increase in Debt-to-equity ratio is an indicator that company uses debts to run its operation. As the be of debt is less than the cost of equity so WACC of the company will trend down. A high debt-to-equity ratio puts a company at the run a risk of solvency if the debt is not managed. The Times Interest acquire ratio has dropped from 127.25 for 2002 to 31.75 for 2003. High increase in debt-to-equity ratio and drop in Times Interest earned ratio are indicators that the company ability to pay its long term debt is put into question.The Asset Utilization Ratios for Krispy Kremes Inventory Turnover, has decreased from 22.49 for 2002 to 18.83 for 2003 and the daylight gross revenue for Inventory has increased from 18.61 for 2002 to 23.31 for 2003. This is an indicator the inventory is not as hearty managed in 2003 as it was done in 2002. The Receivables Turnover ratio has decreases from 16.87 for 2002 to 16.05 for 2003 and the Day Sales in Receivables has increased from 24.89 for 2002 to 25.52 for 2003. The Tota l Assets Turnover ratio has also deteriorated from 1.85 in 2002 to 1.48 in 2003. The ratio indicates efficiency of habit of assets has reduced in 2003.In the Profitability Ratio for Krispy Kreme, although the companys Profit Margin has increased from 6.69% for 2002 to 6.81% for 2003, the hold back on Assets has declined from 10.33% to 8.16%, and also the Return on Equity have also gone down from 14.06% to 12.25%. But EPS of Krispy Kreme has increased from 0.49 for 2002 to 0.61 for 2003, which is a rise of 24.5%. Companys emolument margin and EPS have twain increased in 2003 when compared to 2002 this is even when the increase in realize margin is not significant.Krispy Kreme has been able to generally go out its costs of sales. The Costs of sales are growing slower than the harvest-tide in sales. The growth in the operating expenses is less than growth of sales in both years 2002 and 2003. In 2002 and 2003 percentage increase in income tax is higher than percentage change in sales. The Net profit increase in percentage terms is more than the increase in the amount of sales increase. This is an indicator that there is an efficient operation of Krispy Kreme. amplification in percentage of the General and Administrative Expenses is more than increase in sales in both years 2002 and 2003. The company say that this is the typeface due to the massive expansion program that they have embarked on and olibanum they have incurred cost by hiring more employees by paying their salaries and other rational related costs.The number of shares which are outstanding has increased from 54,271 gibibyte to 56,295 thousand in 2003 this is a rise of 3.73%. Krispy Kreme has allowed 10,000 shares of preferential stock but has not gone forward to issue them. There have not been any dividend payments since 2001 by Krispy Kreme. Therefore the Yield from Dividend s is 0% for 2002 and 2003. There is an increase in Earnings per share from $0.49 for 2002 to $0.61 in 2003 this is an evidence of potential for the growth of the company. The assets of the company have also grown in 2003. This economic aids to indicate that Krispy Kremes stock is a Growth Stock and helps to explain the investors have not been compensable any dividend. This is well stated in the report as is well explained, We intend to retain our earnings to finance the expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable incomingDividend Payments are restricted by our bank credit facilities to 50% of our net income for the immediately preceding fiscal yearLike a lot of companies globally, there is an increase in the number of challenges that affect operations of all companies in the market. Some of the challenges that are facing Krispy Kreme are increase in competition, there are changes in customer preferences and tastes, the abilities of Krispy Kreme to manage growth, the quality of the franchise stores that are in operations, also the delays in the open ing of stores and changes in technology. The impairment and also the availability of the raw materials necessary to run their operations is also a major challenge to Krispy Kreme. The human resource that is hired by the company is the most important asset and thus they should ensure that they help the company to overcome all the challenges. The staff mustiness work solid by developing strategies that position Krispy Kreme for success in the future. The management must drive the company to success, this will be possible by the managing account statement ensuring they maintain well and report all the financial results to the managers. These reports should be both nonfinancial and financial reports and in them they should include projections, company estimates and forecasts.Krispy Kreme is a company that is growing well and has a health financial position. The company has a solid capital investment worldwide and its cash flow is commendable. The cash flow is used to fund a lot of o perations and is real important to the company. The Improvement in liquidity ratio is a good sign for the company and a growth by 24.5% in EPS shows that the company is growing. The decision by the company not to pay dividend in 2002 and 2003 is wise since the company has embarked on expansion program. The major concern is the ability of the company to service its long term debts the company should also improve its utilization of assets and efficiently manage its inventory.

Macbeth: The Weird Sisters :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth The Weird Sisters In Elizabethan times, witches were a graphic part of life. Macbethwitnessed this, as seen in the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. The evilforces that the unearthly sisters, who were witches, possessed, put Macbeths mindin another direction. This direction was the beginning of his incorrupt d ingestfalland the destruction of his destiny. The weird sisters warned Macbeth of this inthe three apparitions but he continued living his life without realizing thatthey were speaking of him. Without the weird sisters, Macbeth would have lived a rattling differentlife. It is unknown whether it would have been better or worse. The weirdsisters affected Macbeth in the worst way. They tempted him by addressing himas Thane of Cawdor, Thane of Glamis and future king, without social club him to doanything to obtain these positions. all(prenominal) hail, Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail, Macbeth hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor All hail, Macbeth that sh alt be force hereafter. (Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 48-50) With thisinformation Macbeth was provided with incentive to kill Duncan the King ofScotland. He was tempted into believing that if the King was murdered, he wasto become what the witches predicted. While the witches never said this,Macbeth assumed that that was what they meant and the subsequent murder ofDuncan was carried out by Macbeth himself, but, he also ordered specialmurderers to kill Banquo, Lady Macduff and her children. The murder andbattue had absolutely nothing to do with the witches. Macbeth acted totallyout of his own leave behind and beliefs. Although Macbeth murdered Duncan, it was not planned and thought out.When Macbeth heard the prediction stipulation to him by the three witches, he wrote aletter to his wife (Lady Macbeth). On reading this letter, Lady Macbethbelieved that if Macbeth murdered Duncan he would take his place at the Throne.Lady Macbeth did not know that Duncan thought of her husband as a hero a ndreally wanted him to be Thane of Cawdor, as the original betrayer would be killed. When Macbeth returned home, Lady Macbeth told him that he must kill Duncan andpersuaded him by transaction him a coward. Which thou esteemst the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem. (Act 1, Scene 7, Lines 42-43)Macbeth gave in to his wife and killed Duncan, only because he was a very proudman and had too much pride. Eventually Lady Macbeths sense of right and wrong took over herand she committed suicide.

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S. :: History

Attitudes of Chinese Immigrants in the U.S.Attitudes slightly personal interest and travel choices are influenced by a persons culture and age. I want to be a aviate. I want to a lawyer. jr. generations always decide their interest and what they want to do as their vocation based on their own benefit. Observing from the past in the U.S., precise limited opportunity is offered to the Chinese immigrants. They might consider if they can do it, in stead of if they want to do it or not. Regardless of what breeding level they possessed most of the Chinese immigrant work as a waiter, waitress or some low paid jobs. However, the Chinese immigrants scene in U.S. community is changing these years. Chinese immigrants are being appreciable in the U.S. community. As the changes, there were so m either conflicts between younger and older generation who are Chinese immigrants after viewing on life history choices and personal interest. I am interested in this offspring and I have intervie wed two people of different generation who both(prenominal) earned a bachelor degree in the U.S. Except generation differences, they have got similar background. I am going to learn to a greater extent about how different generations view personal interest and career choices.Vincent Kwan, an control in California, is a Chinese immigrant who moved to the U.S. with his family since 1971. Sandy Wong, currently a college student in Santa Monica College, immigrated to U.S. with her family since 1995. And her future goal is to be a political leader in U.S. I have learned a lot about Chinese immigrants views career choices and personal interest. As the position of Chinese and the generation changed, they have different views with these two issues. They were all talkative and willing to share their personal feeling with me.First, Vincent and Sandy have similar views with personal interest. Nowadays, applied science and equity is promoted in the world, especially in U.S. Him and Sandy ag ree that the condition of Chinese become greater in America. Vincent grew up in a typical Chinese family, he wish to be a pilot when he was small. However he has banned this idea. The main reasons are because he didnt have any chances to approach planes and his parents didnt give him any support on this issue. The most important factor of deciding career is the salary. It is because it will help you to achieve a satisfactory life.

The Code of Chivalry in The Once and Future King Essay -- Once and Fut

The Code of Chivalry in The Once and in store(predicate) power T.H. Whites novel The Once and Future King presents a encipher of chivalry that outlines the pass judgment knightly behavior of the time. This p inventionicular command stresses trueness to ones liege, fill in and respect toward women, and absolute devotion to justice. At the height of Arthurs kingdom, this code was widely accepted by all. However, as Arthurs kingdom begins to decline, the code of chivalry begins to hold less importance among the people. The fall of Arthurs kingdom is directly link to the absence of the code of chivalry in the behavior of the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Lancelot betrays Arthur when he has an adulteress affair with Guenever. Sir Lancelot also disrespects women when he leaves Elaine to be with Guenever in Camelot. King Arthur himself is disloyal to justice when he allows Guenever to be rescued by Lancelot. The love triangle of Arthur, Lancelot, and Guenever is a constant theme throughout every throwaway of the Arthurian legend. Geoffrey Ashes The Arthurian Handbook states that We may say that these knights are expected to serve their King...(81). The revelation of the affair finally comes when Sir Agravaine shouts, Traitor Knight Sir Lancelot, now art thou wasten(White 569). Lancelot was summoned to Queen Guenevers bedroom, and Sir Agravaine is finally exposing the affair and gaining revenge on Lancelot for unhorsing him many a(prenominal) times in the past. The two people that Arthur trusts most are Guenever and Lancelot. Arthur is comfortably aware of the affair mingled with the two, but chooses to pretend that nothing is tone ending on. Due to this naivety, Arthur earns the disrespect (and even hatred) of Agravaine and Mordred, who eventual... ...misuse of justice make way for Mordred and his ideas to take root in Camelot. All of these actions eventually lead to Arthur chasing Lancelot and waging war upon him, plot M ordred takes over in Camelot. This symbolizes that there is no middle ground between good (Arthur) and evil (Mordred). As good dissipates, evil always grows stronger. However, the equivalent goes for evil dissipating and good rising to power. Given the time period in which T.H. White wrote (post World War II), White is speaking of the downfall of Hitler and the rise up of a new order in Europe. Works Cited Ashe, Geoffrey. The Arthurian Handbook. modernistic York, USA Garland Publishing, 1988 Morris, Rosemary. The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature. Cambridge beer maker Publishing Co., 1982 White, T.H.. The Once and Future King. New York Penguin Putnam, 1987

Skylab :: essays research papers

SkylabSkylab was Americas first data-based space station. Some of Skylabs programobjectives were To prove that humans could live and cream in space for extendedperiods, and to expand our knowledge of solar uranology well beyond Earth-basedobservations. Skylab made much intention of Saturn and Apollo equipment. Through theuse of a "dry" third stage of the Saturn V rocket, the station was solelymade as a shop class area before launch. Crews visited Skylab and returned to ball in the Apollo spacecraft.THE FLIGHTSSkylabs 1st unmanned agencyMay 14, 1973The station was launched into welkin by a Saturn V booster. Almost immediately,problems developed due to vibrations during lift-off. A critical meteoroidshield ripped off taking one of the crafts two solar panels with it a piece ofthe shield wrapped around the former(a) panel keeping it from deploying.Skylab was maneuvered so its Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) solar panels face theSun to provide as much electricity as possib le. Because of the sledding of themeteoroid shield, however, this positioning caused workshop temperatures to riseto 126 degrees F. The launch of Skylab 2 was postponed 10 days while NASAengineers developed procedures and trained the crew to make the workshophabitable. At the same time, engineers "rolled" Skylab to lower the temperatureof the workshop.Skylabs 2nd manned mission - May 25th to June 22ndAstronautsCharles Conrad, Jr.Paul J. WeitzJoseph P. KerwinThe crew meats with Skylab on the fifth orbit. After making many repairs,including deployment of parasol sunshade which cooled the intimate temperatures to75 degrees F, by June 4 the workshop was in full operation. In orbit the crewconducted solar Earth resources experiments, medical studies, and five assimilatorexperiments 404 orbits and 392 experiment hours were completed three EVAsthat totaled six hours, 20 minuets.Skylabs tertiary manned mission - July 28th to September 25th, 1973AstronautsAlan L. BeanJack R. Lous maOwen K. Garriott act maintenance of the space station and extensive scientific and medicalexperiments. holy 858 Earth orbits and 1,081 hours of solar and Earthexperiments three EVAs totaled 13 hours, 43 minuets.Skylabs 4th mission - November 16th, 1973 to February 8th 1974AstronautsGerald P. CarrWilliam R.

Expression of Self-worth in Homer’s Iliad Essay -- Iliad essays

Expression of Self-worth in home runs Iliad The story of the trojan horse War as played out in the Iliad is perhaps close to gripping for the focus on the role of the mortal the soul is enamored by the very concept of a decade-long war and a city-state demolished to the ground for one mans crime and one charwomans beauty. As such, the dynamic amongst Helen, Paris, and the Trojan people they nurse doomed is a fascinating one. For while Prince Paris is hated by all of Troy, his right to keep Helen is challenged by none. This is seen mostly clearly in Book III, after Paris has been spirited a substance to safety by the goddess Aphrodite the book ends with Trojans and Greeks alike fall in in scorn for Paris and his consort. In Book VII, however, at the war council of the Trojans, when a defiant Paris refuses to payoff his prize, no man questions his right to do so. This puzzling contrast, between the rage of the many against the crimes of the one and the rights of the one against the will of the many, presents insight into key themes of Homers epic. The passages in Books III and VII highlight the unique way in which the Iliad focuses on property rights as perhaps the highest expression of individual self-worth, the violation of which demands complete redress. Book III paints Paris at his last-place a posturing coward contemptible in his weakness. When he seems in hazard of losing a duel against his rival Meneleusa duel that promises to end the war without further bloodshedParis is snatched up by his protector Aphrodite and quickly forgets all about the two armies camped at the walls. The reader is thus united with both armies in scorn for the prince when Homer describes Paris and Helen losing themselves in zest while the fragile treaty strai... ... domain of his property that they are unbidden to die to uphold it, even for a prince they despise. In the relationship between Paris and the Trojan people with respect to his ownership of Helen, Homer demonstrates the subtleties of a culture that celebrated the heroism of the individual while simultaneously acknowledging the mogul of the fates in human affairs. To strenuously fight for ones rights in the face of opposition is to court disaster, as Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris all discover, and soon enough in doing so, one is able to rise above the herd of lesser men and become a truly heroic individual. It is a rummy irony of Homeric Greece that the path to immortality often began with an obsession over the seemingly petty matters of material ownership and property.Works Cited1. Homer, Iliad, trans. Robert Fagles (New York Penguin Books, 1990).

To Dam, or Not To Dam Essay -- Marc Reisner Ecology Environmental Essa

To Dam, or Not To DamThe River, slightly milky from glacial sediment, tumbles down highly strung chutes, boils through tight canyons, and glides across beds of agatelike st unrivaleds. In the distance, poking through surprise clouds, ar plunging slopes dense with virgin hemlock and firIntruding into this prime scene argon two decrepit dams (Reisner, 382). In this essay by Marc Reisner, his standpoint on the issue of dams is very well seen. Reisner talks of the ecologic damages that dams create. The debate over dams has been heated in recent years, their pernicious effects and overall abundance is the topic for such debates. But are dams as bad as everyone says they are, do dams do more disability than good, or more good than harm? Emphasis should be set(p) on comparing the ecological effects verses the economical benefits. There are many pros and cons for the ecological side of this debate. One pro is that dams help areas that would other than be piddleless and barren support life. Taken from a piece of ground prepared by the Committee on Public Awareness and Education, body of water organization is the vital resource to support all forms of life on earth. Unfortunately, it is not evenly distributed over the world by season or location. some(a) split of the world are prone to drought making water a scarce and precious commodity, while in other parts of the world it appears in raging torrents causing floods and loss of life and property. end-to-end the history of the world, dams and reservoirs have been successfully in collecting, storing and managing water needed to obtain civilization (CPAE, 1). This is a major benefit to the ecology of the world, as the acknowledgment stated water is the basis of life, the human body depends on water for survival. Although ther... ...to benefit the United States. Even those who oppose dams benefit from them in one way or another, destroying them would give our nations economic system a detrimental blow. Finally for the solution for this dilemma, I dont believe there is an general solution. Each dam should be looked at individually, if the costs outweigh the benefits, then it should be destroyed, and vice versa. The issue of dams ordain not be easily solved. Ever since the first dam was reinforced there has been controversy, and as long as one stands so leave alone the debate. ReferencesMcKibben, Bill. Daybreak. In A Forest of Voices Conversations in Ecology 2nd chance variable (pp. 156-169). Mayfield Publishing Company.Committee on Public Awareness and Education. (1997, May). Benefits and Concerns About Dams an Argumentaire. Retrieved marching music 3, 2003, from http//www.icold-cigb.org/BandC.PDF

Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman cook is an tout ensembleegorical piece that cautions against the potential of human evil. Hawthorne believed the most evil affair a person could do was deliberately indurate his heart, to disregard others emotions alone and therefore their humanity. In the story, young goodman browned commits this unpardonable sin. He through with(predicate) on many separate occasions decided to continue a wicked journey, when it did not end exactly the way he wanted, he ended his relationship with Faith. Hawthorne uses symbols to demonstrate and hopefully prevent people from bit into young goodman dark-brown. Hawthorne chronicles Browns departure, his journey through the woods, and his arrival at the ceremony.The story begins Young goodman Brown came forth, at sunset, into the street of Salem village, however put his head back, after crossing the room access, to exchange a leave-taking kiss with his young wife. (Hawthorne 605). Brown has already begun th e journey that will hunt to his demise in this very first line. The act of crossing the threshold is just the beginning. Although leaving faith is not technically a sin, it is in spades not a step in the right direction. As Brown is leaving, Faith calls out to him. She asks him to wait until the morning. She pleads, put off your journey until sunrise, and intermission in your own bed to-night. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts, that shes afeared of herself, sometimes. Pray, tarry with me this night, dear husband, of all nights in the year (Hawthorne 605). Brown replies that this journey can only be done this night. In fact, the repititon of, of all nights in the year, may well uphold to it being All Hallows Eve, although never explicitly stated. (Hawthorne 606).... ...among them that partook of the excoriates communion albeit somewhat hypocritical. Although Brown had a multitude of chances to stick by to faith, he disregarded each one until it was to o late. His clumsiness, and sheer lack of responsibility to preserve his faith, ultimately cost him his life. Hawthorne proved that human unquenchable thirst for knowledge and understanding proves to be their downfall. For Brown this is especially true. His specialness is what started him on his journey that fateful night. He is also unable to secernate the validity of the night itself. Was it all a dream? Neither does he know that Faith remained pure or was corrupted. And if she were corrupted, could she now things about goodman Brown that he did not know himself. His confusion forces him to isolate himself emotionally and harden his heart, which is, after all, the worst sin of them all.

The Doubles Motif in Flannery O’Connors The Violent Bear It Away :: Violent Bear It Away Essays

The Doubles subject in Flannery OConnors The unfounded Bear It A port In The Violent Bear It Away, Flannery OConnor makes use of the doubles motif. The doubles motif occurs when one character looks at some other character and sees or senses yet a nonher characters presence. In this novel, Francis and Rayber not plainly serve as doubles for each other only if also as a double for mason. Francis makes mason Tarwaters presence felt by the way he talks and the fact that he, like stonemason, never removes his cap. After Francis is with Rayber a few days, Rayber feels stonemasons presence. Rayber had never, even when Old Tarwater had lived under his roof, been so conscious of the old mans presence (189). Mason employ baptism to gain control of Francis and to have him carry out his mission afterward his death. Using baptism to extend his boundaries of self like a wall round Young Tarwater, Mason simultaneously performs an act of regeneration and murder to be repeated l ater when Francis baptizes/murders Bishop. Francis then becomes Masons immortal self. Francis provides Mason with a sense of existing, but he can only weather the boy as a double, not as an independent gracious being (Paulson 102). Mason clings to the opinion of being a prophet and Francis clings to the idea of being born in a wreck, with no father, an orphan, because this makes him unique, gaining epic proportions in order to transcend the anonymous crowd (Paulson 106). Francis denies the father the way that Mason and Rayber deny the mother. Rayber tries, as Mason does, to implant his ideas within Francis. Both Rayber and Mason direct the explosive force of their actions toward Francis, being lost themselves. Their struggle to give out decimates their nephew (Paulson 106). Rayber condemned the violent act that Mason committed, taking Francis and Rayber both away from reality, but Rayber committed the violent act of trying to drown his own son. Rayber and Mason both use Franc is and Bishop as a way to keep the solitariness away. OConnor, though, draws a parallel between them by making both men evangelical zealots (Paulson 102). Rayber is skeptical of religion and Mason has a unearthly fervor. Rayber and Mason both try to teach Francis but they do not want to teach him the same things. It soon becomes clear that not only Raybers efforts at reconstruction but also Masons muddied baptismal waters threaten the freedom of Francis, who weakly perceives the disturb prophet within them both (Paulman 103).

Our Day Out by Willy Russell :: English Literature

Our Day turn up by Willy RussellThe run across Our Day Out in based a brush up the curative class of an inner urban center Liverpool comprehensive. The children are the bottoms of theheap they are non blessed with a wellhead off families to support them.The two main teachers are Mrs Kay and Mr Briggs who views contrast and neutralize each other throughout the play. On this particular day theremedial class are of on a school trip accordingly the title Our Day Outto Conway castling in Wales though this is not the only place thechildren get to see, the play takes us to a renewing of differentplaces (due to the fact that it was written for television broadcast).Russell primary idea whitethorn seem just to produce a play that isentertaining and fitting for a television broadcast. Though Russellprovides with slice of life realism. I t could have a certainbiographical side to it for Russell grew up in a similar area inLiverpool. Although at some points in the play the way Russell wr itesmay seem biased trying to bring about our opinions but he actually writesfrom different viewpoints providing us with an actual acumen into theplay.Russell major themes throughout the play are poverty, the lack ofeducation and opportunity available the social and culturaldepravation suffered from living in such an inner-city area. Itquestions the morality of bad parenting.The scenes I have choossen to anylais have great dramic importance tothe play they are Kay.It focuses on a major aspect of the play the depravation of thechildren. It proves over again to us the yearning of Carol and theattitudes of both teachers. It provides a valuable brainwave into theplay.Mrs Kay firstly asks Carol why she does not and go and look round thecastle. To this Carol reliesMiss, I dont like it. Its horrible.At first you might figure that she is referring to the castle buildingalthough later on in the scene she refers to the castle been a niceplace. We already know that Carol is not an inte llect girl she isstill unable to read and write at the old age of 13.Proving her lack ofeducational ability is the fact that she mistakes a lake for the see.Even though she is lacking in educational ability she is still alertof her surround in Wales and then back at home she is also awareof the differences between them. Though she is unable to expressherself due to her low diction and grammar skills. So when she usesthe term Its horrible she is actually referring to the fact its

The Kongo and the Pygmy Tribes in the Modern Day Zaire Essay -- Explor

The Kongo and the pigmy Tribes in the Modern Day Zaire The study of tribes in the congou tea is a very confusing matter. Linguistic, regional and political divisions are alone very prevalent characteristics of these people. Two tribes who speak the same unique speech communication may be separated by thousands of miles. The three major lingual groups are the Bantu, Central Sudanic, and Ubangian with Bantu being the most prevalent. 2000 to 3000 years agone large numbers of Bantu speaking people slowly only when steadily began to migrate from youthful day Sudan to the Congo basin, or modern day Zaire (www.nbufront.org). The original inhabitants of this area were the Pygmies, the diminutive forest people. I am going to focus on the two most historied of the Congo civilizations the Kongo Kingdom and the Pygmy tribe. The Kingdom of the Kongo began as a nonaged Bantu-speaking chiefdom founded by Ntinu Wene near the modern day town of Boma in the fourteenth cen tury (Ranger pg. 29). The kingdom expanded rapidly through magnification and conquest of other small chiefdoms. Kingship was a pil...

Why is Dracula such a great horror story? Essay -- English Literature

wherefore is Dracula such a great horror story?In my opinion Dracula is a great horror story beca use of goods and services it is highlyentertain in its idea of vampirism, its atmospheric descriptions,powerful characterisation and the horrific decease of Lucy. The new(a) isalso interesting because of the religious perspectives, such as theuse of garlic, holy water and the crucifix as weapons against evil.Jonathan Harkers trip to Count Draculas menage is described ingreat detail. The cash dispenser not only adds to the severe ride toDraculas Castle, but also comes alive as were reading it. Theatmosphere surrounding Harker is incredibly frightening but the detailand descriptions used are so astounding that we can feel the strangechills. I felt identical I was sitting beside Jonathan Harker. I sharedhis fear.Harker is travelling in a Caleche, a small, open, horse drawn carriagewhich is obviously dangerous. It adds suspense to the story, whichmakes the reader automatically think something terrible is going tooccur. The long, agonized wailing of the dogs seem to go on forever.As the journey takes longer it becomes more fearsome. Harker feelslonely. Harkers driver is a strange, swarthy character, with hisgleaming smile as he steers the Caleche without revealing his faceto Harker, or talk of the town much. At this point the reader is thrilled andexcited, feeling like a character in the story.The historical detail of the journey is also what makes this novelbrilliant. Harker is very uncomfortable, caught my arm in a grip ofsteel. I didnt exculpate how dangerous and uncomfortable the Calecheswere back a hundred years ago until I read Harkers account of hisjourney. As the horses began to strain and... ...hough tofind out what tidy sum used to believe in.Stoker has used imaginative and gruesome details, which interested mea lot. I think this novel is wonderful mainly because of Lucys shoemakers lastand how her fianc killed her. It shows how much Arthur lo ved Lucy. Hekilled her vampire form and bought back Lucys spirit so it could go toheaven. This dreadful part of the story is brilliant. I assemble itheartbreaking but I was amazed at Arthurs strong character.I think the novel was fascinating but it dragged and became boring inplaces. The journey to Transylvania, for example, was very welldescribed and extremely spooky. However, this section could be mown to maintain tension. I also think some of the charactersdiary entries could start been more focused on moving the story forward kinda than offering lots of information, which we didnt really need.

Dancing Queen :: essays research papers

As I stand in my starting pose, later the adjudicate have called the name of my trip the light fantastic toe group, and we have walked out to onto the stage. I cornerstone come across the people in the audience applauding and talking.I despatcher hear my heart beating. I can also feel it. I feel like its about to jump right out of my titty I am so nervous.I have been here formerly before but neer for this age group and we have never been this group. We ar the junior tap lines we are one of the best in Arkansas.As the music starts I for pay everything and everybody around me .I can no longer see the people watching my every move I can no longer see the judges facial expressions or try to read there lips. All I can hear is the music I am jump to, all I can see are the bright lights shinning down on me, the blur of people, and my feet moving, dancing like theyve never danced before.Before I know it the dance is everywhere and the music has stopped, and I can see, and hear the people clapping and let out .I am no longer scared. I could do it again and again. I love it. It gives me a rush that I can only get from a huge roller coaster.As I walk off the stage I am greeted by a hug from my dance instructor and the rest of my dance group we are all so happy .At the end the awards are giving out we get flash place we are all so happy we have make it to the top cardinal now for the high point spots we sojourn for our division it comes slowly but it comes. Impatiently we wait number ten is called soon number seven we hope they will call our call number two is called it still isnt us one spot is leave to go and if we dont make this one we are not going to nationals it isnt called we are al disappointed.After we get back to magnolia we hear the taps of the judges talking and telling us their opinions we work on what needs to be worked on and improve in time for up coming events we are to perform at.

Applying the economic theories in the Market’s Reader to the New Economy :: Economics

Applying the sparing theories in the Markets contributor to the late EconomyIn this get roughly of the question, I will discern the old and new-fangled Economy,after that I will point reveal the main characters of New Economy andwhat is polar between NEW and ageing Economy. later than, I will argue the demand of association, ideas, innovation, and individual fictive destruction, change in securities industry and rivalrous as the main election needed to make economic prosperity. I will discuss innovationreduce costs and improve crop quality and how advances engine room deliver the high- costds the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in goodlevel. Fin on the wholey I will curb the Economic theories in food market reader.From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturingbase adapt in the direction of touchstoneized exertion (It was manuallabor). It was organized into stable, stratified and generallyhigh-handed organizations. These organiz ations achieved a agonisticedge in the market by making standardized products high-velocity and moreeconomically. They foc functiond on incremental cost reductions and a study marketplace. In addition, that how this organization victorand achieved there ogles in just about courtiers, for role model textile and sword industry.That gracious of economic start to collapse during the mid-70s and the earlyish 90s. The crisis included both textiles and steel industry, in aperiod of conversion from the old economic to the new economic ,a lotof countries loss their agonistical frame because former(a)s were changingthe output signal act upon more faster and twopenny-halfpennyer. The cheap labor whichhad brought industries to the South Asia was be very cheap. At thesame time, the mixer demand for the individual has change, workers pop off looking for a higher standard of living, new cars, washingmachines, habilitate and bigger houses, which effect the economy.On the other hand, t he new economy is travel as a demand of k at a timeledgeand idea-based economy. The new economy, which was making mastery andprosperity used the new technology to produces high quality, low priceproduction, also the new ideas and innovation that agree to allsectors of the economy which enkindle the whole economy. For example,80% of the jobs in US today do non depend on making things, processthings, or generate information. In 50s, 60% of the firms in US coulduse unskilled labor now a day only around 15 per sent of jobs sack useunskilled labor.Robert M. Howe author express technology is in the custody of society atlarge. the most important resource in the new economy is human superior a resource that all nations possess. Development ofproductive capacity and its beat is one of the challenges thatApplying the economic theories in the Markets Reader to the New Economy EconomicsApplying the economic theories in the Markets Reader to the New EconomyIn this part of the questi on, I will describe the old and new Economy,after that I will point out the main characters of New Economy andwhat is different between NEW and Old Economy. later than, I willdiscuss the demand of knowledge, ideas, innovation, and individualcreative destruction, change in market and competitive as the mainresource needed to make economic prosperity. I will discuss Innovationreduce costs and improve product quality and how advances technologyachieve the cost reduction and reserve the economic scale in goodlevel. Finally I will apply the Economic theories in market reader.From around 1938 to 1974, the economy was built on a manufacturingbase geared in the direction of standardized production (It was manuallabor). It was organized into stable, hierarchical and generallyhigh-handed organizations. These organizations achieved a competitiveedge in the market by making standardized products faster and moreeconomically. They focused on incremental cost reductions and anational marketplace. In addition, that how this organization successand achieved there ogles in most courtiers, for example textile andsteel industry.That kind of economic start to collapse during the mid-70s and theearly 90s. The crisis included both textiles and steel industry, in aperiod of changeover from the old economic to the new economic ,a lotof countries loss their competitive frame because others were changingthe production process more faster and cheaper. The cheap labor whichhad brought industries to the South Asia was being very cheap. At thesame time, the social demand for the individual has change, workersbecome looking for a higher standard of living, new cars, washingmachines, clothes and bigger houses, which effect the economy.On the other hand, the new economy is rising as a demand of knowledgeand idea-based economy. The new economy, which was making success andprosperity used the new technology to produces high quality, low priceproduction, also the new ideas and innovation that app ly to allsectors of the economy which enhance the whole economy. For example,80% of the jobs in US today do not depend on making things, processthings, or generate information. In 50s, 60% of the firms in US coulduse unskilled labor now a day only around 15 per sent of jobs can useunskilled labor.Robert M. Howe author said technology is in the hands of society atlarge. the most important resource in the new economy is humancapital a resource that all nations possess. Development ofproductive capacity and its measurement is one of the challenges that

A Comparison of The Jewel in the Crown and Wuthering Heights Essay

Shargond Elements of The embellish in the Cr consume and Wuthering Heights The Jewel in the Crown, by capital of Minnesota Scott, and Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte, are romantic tragedies which share many common elements. Although indite in deuce vastly different time periods, the shared elements come apart the continuity of romantic tragedies over time. Wuthering Heights, a 19th century graphic fiction, shares the same kind of passionate, violent and emotional characters as The Jewel in the Crown, a post colonial modernist fiction. Both stories contain a recognize triangle which subsequently end in death. In both stories, Catherine and Daphne are much alike in that they are the point around which the two men in their lives dance circles around. Catherine and Daphne are both willful, doing as they please, Catherine breeding her love for Heathcliff, and Daphne secretly seeing Hari Kumar. At fifteen, she Catherine was the queen of the country-side she had no peer, and s he did romp out to be a haughty, headstrong creature (WH, p. 51). And of Daphne, She had to make her own marvelous mis...

Wage Discrimination against Women Essay -- Expository Exemplification

The Womens Equal Rights Movement has make striking progress in the last one hundred geezerhood. As a result, a woman can now vote, choose almost any(prenominal) career, and defend her human right to happiness. But, in spite of the progress made in the area of agree rights, wage problems in the workplace put away exist which deny women equal pay for equal work. SUCCESSES Women are finis the gender gap in workplace and higher education. They are start to climb the corporate ladder and are moving into managerial positions. forty-three pct of managers are women today as opposed to the nineteen percentage who were managers in 1970 (Almost, But Not Quite, Equal 1). Women are also receiving a higher level of education. They earned forty-five percent of the law degrees in 1994 compared to eight percent in 1972. Education is an important contri entirelying constituent to the progress being made in reducing the discrepancy in wages between genders. With women becoming better educa ted than 20 years ago, potential for a higher salary is greater. Today, women earn fifty percent of every(prenominal) college degrees and forty percent of all medical degrees. It is, perhaps, because of education that womens wages grew, on average, twenty percent faster than mens from 1920-1980 (Clark 174). The situation is not that fewer men have been attending college, but that a greater number of women are able, encouraged and willing to allow in the next step in education than ever before. PROBLEMS Despite all that has been accomplished, wage equality between men and women has not yet been reached. Overall, women but earn 74% of what men do in America (Equal Pay). In the higher job positions, with higher wages, there is a lack of womanly presence. An example of ... ... themselves need to realize what can be accomplished and what blocks the way. And so with those complications resolved, women stand a better chance of receiving equal pay for equal work. Works Cited Acr oss Globe, Women Earn Less. The Des Moines Register 30 July 1996, sec. commerce 10. Almost, But Not Quite, Equal. US News & World Report 13 Jan. 1997 1. Clark, Charles S., et al. Feminisms Future. CQ Researcher 28 Feb. 1997 169-192 Equal Opportunity? spellbind Aug. 1996 92. Equal Pay. Home page. Mar. 1998. Feminist Womens Health Center http//www.fwhc.org/equalpay.htm Hankin, Joseph N., The Gains working(a) Women Have Made. Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Dec. 1996 113-115. Koretz, Gene. But What of the Wage perturbation? Business Week 23 Oct. 1997. 11 Oct. 1999. http//www.businessweek.com/1997/44/b3551078.htm