Development Of A Hybrid Electric Vehicle Engineering Essay

knowledge Of A intercrossed galvanical Vehicle Engineering EssayThe bourne interbreeding VEHICLE refers to a fomite which habits two or more(prenominal) distinct advocate sources of zipper to move the fomite. The term comm moreover refers to HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES (HEVs), which is a combination of an internal electrocution railway locomotive and maven or more Electric beat corroborates.The intention of the presence of galvanizing reasontrain is think for either improving the fire economy or better performance.1.1 narration of crisscross Electric CarsThe seeds for the invention of crown of thorns Electric Vehicles were laid a century ago i.e., in 1900. The scratch loanblend galvanising vehicle, Mixte was actual in 1900 at Lohner Coach Factory by Ferdinand Porsche. This is a four-wheel drive serial-loan-blend version, includes a p var. of generators dictated by 2.5 hp Daimler IC engines to lapse its operating range ad could travel dear(p)ly 40miles on on slaught itself and was presented in Paris Auto Show in 1901. Mixte utilize petrol engine advocatoring a generator, this in turn powers up electric elevator car automobile hub repulse, and reached a speed of 50 kmph and a power of 5.22 kW in 20 minutes.Knight neftal generated a crisscross racing railroad car in 1902. In 1905, H. Piper filed a patent for crossbreedization vehicle in US. In 1915 Dual world power, Woods Motor Vehicle electric car cleric had a four cylinder IC engine and an electric labour. This car ran up to a speed of 24kmph on the electric push al peerless, conscription the power from stamp outpouring and after this speed, the IC engine took the car up to its 56kmph which was its top speed.Later in 1915, a Canadian comp either produced the first car for sale. Woods Motor Vehicle company in pelf released the first gas pedal-electric crossing car in 1917.the cross was a loser commerci altogethery, proving to be too s pocket-size for its price, and its difficulty to service.The working proto fiber that is creation utilize in most recent HEV was goaled by master copy Wouk. His work on the HEVs in 1960s and 1970s earned him the statute title as The Godfather of the crossbred. Wouk installed a cross drive train having 16 KW electric motor into the, Buick Skylark provided by GM.The Regenerative braking body, an important production pattern for most of the HEVs was designed by David Arthurs in 1978 and apply for the first judgment of conviction on Opel GT. The vehicle exhibited a displace capacity of 3.1L/100km.Audi launched its first sport of Audi Duo, an experimental vehicle in 1989. It is a plug-in parallel hybrid with 9.4 KW, due south electric motor and a Ni-Cd assault and battery to supply zip to the motor which drive the rear wheels.Esparante GTR-Q9 was the first petrol engine to take expose in the race at Le Mans. Later, the car finished mo in class at Petit Le Mans same year, i.e., in 1998.Hybrid engine ering science became familiar within the simple machine industry in the youthful 1990s. All the automobile companies came to know about the social aw atomic number 18ness of the customer, and then(prenominal) the mass production of the hybrid electric vehicles was started. The first of that kind is Toyota Prius in Japan, Honda Insight launched in 1999 in United States and Japan.Now, all the endureing automobile shapers like Jaguar, Ford, Lexus, and Peugeot were on to the production of the hybrid electric vehicles. This may lead to a revolution in the automobile industry in near future.Briefing the Technologies Being Used in HEVsThese daylights, more research laboratories and firms argon working on the development of hybrid electric vehicles. These bodies atomic number 18 recruiting the individuals from all technical backgrounds such as automatic, auto causative, electrical, electronics. So that, they crapper concent assess on each and e really aspect of the vehicle, that stern lead to the development of the vehicle irrespective of its technical aspects.For e.g., NREL (National Renewable pushing Laboratory) is one of the kind of researching bodies, actively researching on the various aspects of furnish cells and vehicles that roleplay utilise the power gene entrust per unitd from the supply cells. Fuel cell vehicles argon much possible as of hybrid vehicles with diesel engine or petrol engines.Modern HEVs are use many technologies which bed improve the efficiency of the vehicle like Regenerative braking. This converts kinetic capability of the vehicle into electrical energy, instead of wasting it in the form of rage energy as like in conventional braking systems. Some HEVs use IC engines to generate electrical energy like an electrical generator, either to recharge the batteries or to empower the electric drive motors instantaneously. Many HEVs are bring down the emissions at idle by stopping the IC engine and starting when it is ne eded, this is cognise as start-stop system. External torque result be applied to the divers(prenominal)ials when the electric powertrain is acting, which leads to the better performance of the HE vehicle.Components of a Hybrid Electric vehicleThe structure of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle is much likely as that of an fair gasoline powered vehicle. The distinguishing chemical element is that a hybrid car provideing bewilder one or more electric motors alongside which pile improve gas mileage.Note In the field of Toyota Prius, car chip offs solely by electricity when driven under a speed of 30 Mph.Figure Structure of a basic Hybrid Electric Vehicle1.3.1 Gasoline EngineThe gasoline engine in a hybrid electric car is like as that of an ordinary internal combustion engine. However, the engine is teensy-weensyer comparatively and uses advanced technologies which fuel result in reducing emission and more efficiency.1.3.2 Fuel ice chestThe fuel tank of the hybrid electric vehicl e acts as the fuel storage device for IC engine. Batteries ignore overly be called as a fuel tank in the case of hybrid electric vehicles, as it stores the electricity produced and supplies when needed to the electric motor.1.3.3 Electric MotorThe electric motor in a hybrid electric vehicle is precise runty and essential component to make it a hybrid. Day to day advance in electronics allows electric motor to act as a motor as well as a generator.For e.g. it draws energy from the battery to accelerate the vehicle, when needed. But, while acting as a generator, it slows down the car and returns the energy back into the batteries.1.3.4 BatteriesThe batteries in the hybrid electric vehicle are the devices meant to store the energy which is needed for the electric motor. Unlike, the gasoline in the fuel tank, exclusively power the gasoline engine, the electric motor of a hybrid electric vehicle jakes charge the batteries as well as draw energy from them.1.3.5 TransmissionThe trans mission in a hybrid electric vehicle performs the same basic function as a transmission that of a conventional car. beginningThe generator is much corresponding to electric motor, precisely it can only produce electric power. Generator is mostly used in the series hybrid electric cars.1.4Available power sources for Hybrid vehicleThe available sources of energy includes the followingRechargeable Energy Resource System, RESSPetrol or diesel motorHydrogenCompressed mailLiquid Nitrogen electricitySolar EnergyRechargeable energy resource system (RESS)A Rechargeable energy resource system or RESS is a system which stores energy to deliver power and is rechargeable. This can be done by using a battery. There are six types of batteries that are presently being used as a source, for the production of energy in Hybrid electric vehicles. Those are lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, atomic number 3 ion, zinc-air and flywheels.Petrol or dieselPetrol is being vastly used as fuel in automotives, due to its high calorific hold dear and more efficiency of the petrol cycle (Otto cycle) and low emission rate compared to most of the opposite alternative fuels and its abundance. The thermodynamic cycle involved in the petrol engines is called, Otto cycle or four stroke cycle.Diesel is one of the best alternative fuels to petrol that can be used in automotives. The efficiency of the diesel engine is also good and the emission rate is a bit higher when compared to the petrol engine. The thermodynamic cycle that is used in the diesel engine is called Rankines cycleHydrogenHydrogen can be used as an alternative fuel, as an onboard fuel for motive power to the vehicle. This can be used as a fuel in any automotive which uses hydrogen in a akin(predicate) fashion, as of in aircraft. The power plant of the vehicle converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into mechanic energy, this depart be done either by burning the hydrogen in internal combustion engine, or by rea cting hydrogen with oxygen in a fuel cell to run electric motors.1.4.4 Compressed airCompressed air can be used as a fuel in engines which are pneumatic actuators, which can create a useful work by expanding categorical air. This is being used from the past two centuries, ranging from hand held turbines to several ascorbic acid horsepower. Some of them rely on turbines, others on pistons and cylinders. The engine that works using compressed air as a fuel is also called as Air-Hybrid Engine.Liquid NitrogenLiquid nitrogen can be used an alternative fuel to silver hydrogen. The engine additionalcts heat from the ambient air which will be used for heating the liquid nitrogen in the heat exchanger and using the resulting pressurised gas to operate the rotary engine.This can also be incorporated in hybrid vehicle systems, fuel tanks to recharge the batteries and the resulting in battery electric propulsion. This system is called Hybrid liquid nitrogen-electric propulsion. Moreover, re generative braking system can also used in conjunction with this system.ElectricityElectricity is being used as a fuel in automobiles since long time back. These cars run by drawing electricity from the battery to run the motor which in turn, runs the piston in the cylinder generating the mechanical energy which can move the car. The cars which run by using only the electric source are called plug-in electric cars. As these cars dont have any alternate source of energy other than battery, these needs to be aerated time to time and hence called as plug-in electric vehicle. By adopting the electricity as an alternative source to the hybrid vehicle, the vehicle is called Hybrid Electric vehicle.Solar EnergySolar Energy is a form of fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel in plug-in electric cars. The vehicle will be powered by solar electricity obtained from the solar panels on the surface. Photovoltaic cells convert the suns energy into directly into the electrical energy. Even t hough it doesnt make any change in the form of fuel that is being used, but the mileage of the direct plug-in electric vehicle can be significantly increased by using these PV cells. But, the only backdrop in adapting this technology into the plug-in electric vehicle is that, these PV cells can work only in the places with abundant solar energy and will not be used during the dark.1.5 Classification of Hybrid Electric VehiclesHybrid electric vehicles can be categorise basing on some factors. such(prenominal) as,The path in which power is supplied to the power train. microscope stage of hybridization.Path of Power supplied to the PowertrainThe classification of HEVs can be done basing on the way of power supplied to the powertrain. According to this, the vehicles can be classified as, duplicate hybrids serial hybridsSeries-Parallel hybridsPlug-in HEVsParallel HybridsIn a Parallel HEV, the Internal conflagration engine and the electric motor are committed to the mechanical transmis sion and can concurrently transmit the power to wheels through the conventional transmission. Usually, parallel hybrids use small and single electric motors and depend on a small battery bear because the motor does not have the capacity to be the only source of energy to run the vehicle. Parallel hybrids are also capable of, using Regenerative braking to some limited levels and IC engine will also act as a generator for supplementary recharging. Parallel hybrids are much efficient compared to non-hybrid vehicles, particularly in the urban driving conditions and sometimes during highway operations, when the electric motors contribution is permitted. Honda Insight, Civic, Accord, and Chevrolet Malibu are some of the examples for the parallel hybrids in production.Series HybridsIn a Series HEV, only electric motor drives the powertrain and Internal Combustion engine acts as a generator to charge the batteries which empower the electric motor. In series hybrid vehicles, battery depo rt will be charged from the regenerative braking or the Internal Combustion engine. Series hybrids generally have small internal combustion engine but large battery pack compared to the parallel hybrid vehicles. This is the factor which makes series hybrids more efficient when driving in city conditions and more enlarged-ticket(prenominal) than parallel hybrid vehicles. Chevrolet Volt is an example for a series hybrid in production.Series-Parallel HybridsThese vehicles are flexible to operate in parallel or series mode. As a result, these vehicles will be more efficient, because these will be operated as a series hybrid in low speeds and parallel in high speeds. But, these vehicles are costlier compared with a pure parallel. Hybrid powertrains are currently being used by habitual Motors, Ford, Nissan, Lexus, and Toyota. Vehicles referring to Series-Parallel can operate in both the parallel and series mode at the same time. Toyota Highlander is an example for Series-Parallel hybri ds.Plug-in HybridsPlug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid vehicle which works rechargeable batteries, which could be stored to full charge by plugging into an external source of power. This type of vehicles shares the features of a conventional HEV, having an Internal Combustion engine and an Electric motor and with all-electric vehicle, provided with a plug that should be connected to the external source. These vehicles have well-built all-electric range compared to conventional gasoline electric hybrids, and combustion engine provides with backup needed when batteries are depleted. Chinese automobile manufacturer BYD Auto released F3DM hatchback into Chinese market in December 2008 and General Motors expects to launch Chevrolet Volt series plug-in by November 2010.Classification by Degree of HybridizationThe hybrid electric vehicles can be classified notwithstanding basing on the factor, the extent to which the vehicle is hybridized. According to this, the HEVs can be classified into, well(p) Hybrid lowly HybridPower assist HybridsFull HybridsThis is a type of Hybrid vehicle which can run clean only on the batteries, or just on the engine alone, or the combination of both. Fords Hybrid System, Toyotas Hybrid Synergy Drive, General Motorss Two-Mode Hybrid technology are some of full hybrid systems. A high-capacity battery pack will be needed for the battery only operation. These vehicles will have split path for power, which allows with more flexibility in the drivetrain by inter-converting mechanical and electrical power, although it is complex. Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Prius, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are some examples for full hybrid vehicles.Mild HybridsThis is a vehicle, which cannot be driven by depending only on the power produced by the electric motor itself. Since, the electric motor does not have enough power to move the vehicle on its own. These vehicles are only included with some features of hybrid technology, and achieve limited savings on fuel cons umption.A Mild hybrid is a vehicle more of a conventional type with oversized starter motor which allows the engine to turn off whenever the vehicle is decelerating or stopped. Yet, restart cleanly and quickly. Even when the gasoline engine was rancid off, accessories will continue to run on the electric power, and like the other hybrid designs, motor will be used for regenerative braking to bring back all the energy. Mild hybrids have comparatively small batteries and a weak, small generator/ motor than those of a fully hybrid vehicle which helps in reducing weight and cost of production. The BMW Concept 7 Series diligent Hybrid is an example of a Mild Hybrid with an electric motor designed to increase performance and power.Power Assist HybridsThese vehicles use the IC engine for uncreated power source, and torque-boosting electric motor is also connected to a large conventional power train. The electric motor is attach between the transmission system and engine should be a ver y large starter motor essentially. This motor not only operates when the engine needs to be turned on, but also when extra power is needed. The electric motor may also be used to restart the IC engine, Deriving benefits from shutting down the main engine at idle, while the battery system will be used to run the other power accessories.Advantages and Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel VehiclesFuel ConsumptionThe consumption of petroleum is comparatively less and efficiency is much better in HEVs than the conventional petrol or diesel engines. Since, using three mechanismsReducing the wastage of energy during low/idle output, commonly by turning off the IC engine.Utilizing the waste energy (i.e. by regenerative braking)Reduction in power and size of the IC engine, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, the extra power output from the electric motor compensate the loss in peak power output from the IC engine.Any combinations of these three primary advan tages of a hybrid technology may be used for different fuel usage, emissions, power. The power curve of an electric motor is suits to more variable star speed levels, and will provide significantly high torque at low speeds compared to IC engines. Thus, greater fuel efficiency of HEVs has inference for simplification in fuel consumption and emission of air pollutants.NoiseThe fray emitted from HEVs is comparatively very low than that of a conservative gasoline or diesel engine vehicle, results in positive incumbrance health effects. Though, the sounds from the tires (road noise), the loudest noise at highway speeds from the vehicle interiors cannot be prevented by the hybrid design alone.PollutionThe fuel used in HEVs is less of petroleum products which will emit carbon oxides into the atmosphere and hence pollution created will be less comparatively to the conventional gasoline or diesel engines. These vehicles will have a very positive impact onto the environment. But, the prob lem is with decomposing the dead batteries which are made of metals like Ni those can oxidise and produce metal oxides which can cause pollution in the environment.Weight of the vehicleThe mass of a HEV is comparatively lesser than that of a conventional gasoline or diesel engine vehicles as the components used in the hybrid cars are less in weight than those of IC engine vehicles. This factor helps in reducing the consumption of extra initial torque essential to move the vehicle from rest.Disadvantages of HEVs over Conventional Petrol or Diesel VehiclesAs with all new technology, hybrids are relatively expensive.Shortage in awareness of knowledge about hybrids with the technicians to deal effectively with these vehicles.High maintenanceLow towing capacityBatteries are expensive, heavy and have a terse life span and are an environmental hazard.Decomposition of batteries is a big challenge for the manufacturers, as the batteries are useless after they were dead and can be hazardo us to the environment.