Oreo Essay

Since its introduction, he initial Ore burnt umber cooky did not change much, but over time, Ore expand its subscriber line by launching new flavors new shapes and forms. Ore has even progressed beyond the biscuit field developing sweet, desert, and legion(predicate) different food service. (http//www. Immaterial. Com/pages/ore. Asps Prototype/()/) The alma of this write up Is to discuss and evaluate Ore through with(predicate) an analysis of its Superior performance, Marketing environment, through the utilise of Porter Five Forces, Marketing mix, exploitation the 4 AS, and in the long run we will identify Ores future Critical Success factors, with aSOOT analysis for support. L) palmy company During the super Bowl blackout In 2013, Ore took advantage of the clothed public and stick on an ad on Backb ace and twitter that became sensation of the most talked moments of the game The message got almost 15,000 re Twitter and to a greater extent that 20,000 likes on anchor. ( Minute) 2013 Smarty Pants elected Ore as kids most loved brands. pit keys guest loyalty leaders survey 2013 nicks ahoy, its primary competitors is at the twenty- depression place. Ore generates 1,billion in world(prenominal) annual revenues. 916 meg consumer reach points growing at 8% promptly an international favorite MACRO DEMOGRAPHIC School-aged kids and unripened adults ar the main consumers of Ore cookie. However every Ore advertisement stages a family generally one kid with one parent. Indeed household with kids consume more than cookies that those who dont assimilate children (Minute 2010). Furthermore, the forecast of children population growth augurs the Cookie industry in the way that children that are younger than 6 years old and those among the ages of 6 and 11 demonstrate the strongest population growth (census) The brand s ass slogan America s best loved cookie.Shows how Ore used to be more nationally than internationally focused. The 2 Asiatic giants Chin a and India were the first abroad market in which Ore was introduced. In 1996 Ore grow its general ambition, being present to twenty-four hours in more than light speed countries. The changes in traditional assumption habits (busier and irregular life style, time pressure) have limited the number of sit at table repast. According to MIMI, the worldwide snack food sales is expected to grow by 7 percent annually to reach 334$ billion by 2015.kraft paper China has qualified Ore recipes in function of the local they reduced the annuity of sugar in the biscuits. ECONOMIC The current crisis has light-emitting diode to a global precautionary behaviour toward consumption. Cookies are moderately elastic maintain its sales thanks to its customer loyalty. Ore opted for a strategy focusing on emerging Market. Indeed, Ore is today change in 85 developing markets. From 2007 to 201 5 Ore has grown averagely on 37 percent every year in developing markets. Ore has emerged in the global market adapting its product with suitable flavors shapes and packaging.For instance Canadian Ore contains coconut oil, Japanese Ore are made with salty hookah Milk cream. Ore s well-disposed networking was first made in English exclusively Ore then translated it in 10 different languages and customized messages to reach more customers and fans by adapting to local markets. (Business Week) FIDEL However, in 1996, Ore was introduced to China during the 4 years that fol baseborned, the brand showed solid growth. However adept after, Ores growth in the country crushed.In 1996 when kraft paper first introduced Ore, the Brand first showed solid growth until late asses. Then the brand began to struggle for years, Kraft even noninsured leaving China. later many surveys explaining the mistakes of the Brand, Ore adjusted its recipe to localise flavors by using less sugar in the recipe. Kraft fare enhances the brands growth by increasing Ores footprint all over the world. It has through many acq uisitions 2006 Kraft acquired the Spanish Portuguese operations of British cookie maker United Biscuits. 007 Damon sold its biscuit business to Kraft 2010 Kraft buys Academy which then abele to trigger Ore in India. = Internationalization of Ore It in effect expand the worldwide scope of Ore by retrieving the patents and sciences kept by public house NATURAL Terra Cycle (a waste recycling company) uses a fusing machine to convert Ore wrapping paper into kites, bags and umbrellas. (wry. Acquisitivenesss. Com) Ore cookies utilizes palm oil in their products, its main providers are located in Indonesia and Malaysia.Farmer has expanded their plantation by burning rainforests. Ores sensory faculty of the impact of deforestation, they then encourage their provider to be part of the roundtable on sustainable do by Oil (RSVP) Ore does its best buying Palm Oil that has a minimum impact on environment. (Money. CNN. Com) TECHNOLOGICAL (Shore branding. Com) Ore is one of the brands with the most successful digital marketing strategy. 35 million Backbone fans and 100,000 followers. Ores E-Business strategy has led the company to post one tweet per day and one Vine per week.The Sandwich cookie brands crafty posts and attracting attention to pictures and videos have led Ore to a growing number of Fans across its different networks. Ore is the 63rd Backbone scalawag with most Fans. Also, in February 2011, Ore successfully got a Guinness World Record in the most likes received within 24-hours (Wassermann, 2011) POLITICAL / SOCIAL Ore used to use trans fat (a fatty acid that increases cholesterol and heart diseases risks) in its product. After many campaigns to ban to use of the product, Kraft Food was sued. Ore then started using non-hydrogenated vegetable oil.Furthermore, in France, the way ask the food product publicizing on TV to introduce sanitary message such as for your health avoid eating too Greece, too sugary, too salty or for your health practice sport regularl y. This was set in order to forbid the public (especially kids) to sickness related to unhealthy food. Ore entered into the political debate concerning the man marriage. In recognition with the LIGHT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) pride month, Kraft Food has posted an Ore head up with 6 colorful layers representing the gay rainbow. (NY daily news) - get more than 226 000 likes.But some comment said they wanted to boycott the Brand. In the ass the Jewish population represented 5,2 million of the US (potential market) so in 1998 the brand decided to respond to the Jewish formalities by introducing its first kosher cookie. Micro Power of supplier Low altogether materials are readily (accessible? (Basic commodities) Supplier size Ores s becharming embody are quite low, nearly nil costs. Variety of substitute inputs (easy and cheap to witch to alternative) Labor force (low power unions) Ore buys in soaring volume regularize products. Ore s brand strength makes it more powerful.Freedom to choose best supplier Responsive to supplier cost. More picky Suppliers are weak Ore is made of chocolate, cacao, vanilla, shuck flour. Ore can buy agriculture product from many different farmers. (Many splendid supplier with wide range of supply firms and small market share). several(a) range of supplier. So, low supplier power abeles Ore to increase its profit and to be more profitable, attractive and beneficial. DATA who makes the packaging? Buyers moderate Output differentiation Because Ore differs from competitors imputable to (taste, packaging blue color) The Ore chocolate sandwich cookie makes 10% of all store cookie sales. 3 billion market. Ores has shown towards its competitive isolation for its competitors. Corporate customers, convenience store, dollar stores, grocery stores and dispenser mainly distribute Ore. Ore surmount economies, Important fixed cost. More they produce less the unit toll is expensive. s the worlds top selling cookie Substitu te There is many kind of snack and biscuits, Healthier substitute does exist, for instance unseasonedman-cos (no organic sugar) due(p) to increase in health concern. As Ore is quite a low cost product, its potential substitute, There is a low switching cost from Ore to other snacks such as chocolate bars.Ore has succeeded in differentiating by. New competitors low Entry barrier are not so high in the cookie industry, there is a low initial seat of government required to ca-ca food-processing plant. But Ore is not only considered as a cookie but also as a Brand. Ore has crated brand loyalty. fuddled brand name and customer loyalty. New brand need to create a network of loyal client to hope to be as competitive. They need a large capital to invest, Ore enjoys major economy of scales due to there large factory which can discourage new entrant.Data expenses on marketing, plant capital requirement. In the I-J it was first available in Ginsburg. Now it is launched across the I-J on t he back of its E,5 million campaign. Ores major competitor is Chip Ahoy, which is also part of Kraft Food. PRODUCT After the first Ore was introduced in 1912, the cookie design hasnt change. It is still the sandwich cookie made of 2 chocolate disks with the creamy white filing in the middle. There is 30% of cream and 70% of biscuit. The annual cookie recipe 18 million pounds of cacao an 47 million pounds of cream filling.

Essay Level4 Health and Social Care Unit 41

HEALTH AND br somewhat otherly CARE KNOWLEDGE SPECIFICATION Particular recreateivity Planned to appraise relevant Units (s) Candidate Assessor AIVET PHIRI Date of Activity Location Units/ elaborate KS Element/Pcs 41-1 every in machinateation you know that pull up stakes improve the conversation of necessity of a process enforcer must(prenominal)iness be enter in the talk book and wangle plan in a sh atomic number 18capable and easy to read form, in any case it is important to introduction development on the wording preference of the renovation drug procedurers, per dangleion should be asked out front accessing much(prenominal) tuition and the randomness should be kept confidential.. According to the Human right-hand(a) Act 1998 gives every trunk the freedom of expression. Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.There shall be no dissembleference by a usual author ity with the execute of this right except such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as is in accordance with the jurisprudence and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public guard duty or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of infirmity or crime, for the protection of wellness and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Every one-on-one and key people has the right to schooling, freedom of speech, right to life and religion. similarly theAssociated essay Unit 4 M1Discrimination move is an Act to make it unlawful to discriminate against serving substance absubstance ab rehearsers on the language difference . No singular should be discriminated against on any of the hobby grounds, race, sex, gender, colour, language, culture, disabilities etc. Equal prob index Act gives very soulfulness should be treated equally irrespective of their gender, culture or se x i. e. Nobody should enjoy preferential discussion over the other when it comes to colloquy and treatment of language e. g. here a serve user has a different language from the c atomic number 18 reverseer and other assist users it is the duty of the manageor to implement whom could assist the round and the help users to understand them self-importance by interpret the language, so that the reads of the avail user lot be hear. C arr stomach also say some words from the assistant user language as this also promote good consanguinity. The data protection act gives one-on-ones the right to divulge the randomness recorded more or less them and checks that information should be treated with outermost confidentiality and must not go beyond authorised boundaries.Therefore records and disciplines must be treated confidentially, they should be legibly written, factual, objective, dated, quantifyd, signed, the use of past and present day-and-night tense and they should be kept in a safe determine for confidentiality. By having a vivid knowledge just somewhat(predicate) these legislations, as a group attractor I am responsible to incorporate the requirements of these legislations when communicating, written text and reporting with individuals key people and others. When completing shows and Reports The Data Protection Act 1998 gives people a right to see the information recorded about them All information recorded about talk deficiencyed of service user or ways in which you lay out more adjuvant should be - Accurate - Factual - Clear - Easy to read Any information recorded must also keep confidentially. Do not leave confident material lying around in public argonas. Whatever the purpose of the information, it is important that you record it accurately. It is also important that you bye-bye one any information correctly in the right form and to the ri ght psyche . Although information could be run out by recollect ,Fax, Email, post etc.Whatever means it is passed, it must be kept confidentially and service user consent must be seek before such information is shared. Provide active support for the individual-Active support is fine-looking service users the fortune of expressing their independence in whatever they want to do. In this case, I make them do what they are capable of doing and what they enjoy doing which is in their best interest. It improves their in rangeectual skills and energy and it serve as a develop psychological military operation as well. - Using Positive Body Language- We freighter guess the tactile propertyings and thoughts that some other person has by looking at their look , showcase, posture, body movement, and cheerfulness promote good relationship and checker service user are able to express their call for. Active Listening- give attention to what service user ma kes them feel as an individual and suite them to express their view and deficiencys.This could be done by sitting at reasonable distance to them and look at them in the eye and point or stroking their hand to show or send messages of shell out and affection. - Give them sufficient time to say and respond to any snub being discussed. - Maintaining eyes contact also makes the service user feel that we are listening to them. - Employ interpreter who pot interprets the language of the service user. 41-2b - Sign language such as flash cards, picture and confabulation Recognise the uniqueness of individual and their circumstances- Every individual has got their take style, way of life culture, race, ethnicity and circumstances, medical and mental experimental condition so this has to be put into consideration. Checking the individual supervise plan allows you to know their needs and competency on communication. where a service user has a diffe rent language from the care worker and other service users it is the duty of the carriage to employ whom could assist the staff and the service users to understand them self by interpreting the language, so that the needs of the service user can be meet The Equal treatment act- the principle of equal treatment in the area of employment, covering disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.Knowledge of this makes me ensure that I obtain to put into consideration the uniqueness and circumstances of individuals when communicating with them. Empower individual to take responsibilities ( as outlying(prenominal) as they are able at heart the restrictions placed upon them) and make and pass on their own decisions about their lives actions and risk.Providing active support also comes into this context which is the ability of giving individuals the opportunity of expressing their independence in whatever they are capable to do. An example is a case were the lunch was to be served and an individual couldnt state his take clearly and I happened to be in the unit by then. As the group data tracker I apply sign language in grade to make them communicate their demands.An example of empowering them to take responsibility susceptibility be by making them to do their laundry, escort them for shopping or by mise en scene the dinning tables with my supervision How to manage ethical dilemmas and conflicts for individuals, those who us go and staff/colleagues, about communication, recording and reporting. As a aggroup tar get iner in nightspot to manage ethical dilemmas in term of communication recording and reporting, I just put one across to be professional in everything I say and write about individuals and to encourage other 41-2c to do so. In this case I can avoid going beyond professional boundaries. In case an ethical conflict arises in such situation then I view as to carry ou t a professional corrective measure in handling it. E. g. hen on that point is a misunderstanding between two individuals I need to ease both individuals down and separate them then listen to their complains then bury it amicably following equal treatment to make both complex happy How to challenge information, document, systems, structure, and procedure and institutionalize that is sexist, especially to individuals communication and information needs. Basically in solventuate to challenge information that are discriminatory I do the followings I take disciplinary actions.Due to what qualification have happened by following the disciplinary procedure. Restructuring- if the structure is discriminatory, a restructuring strategy parry go a long way to combat the situation. Training- This leave alone boost the exposure of the team members and will aid their communication skills. Re orientation- it is very important to re orientate members of my team if they are use to a certain 41-2d act that is discriminatory and they have no know ledge about it. Meetings- this can be held in auberge to combat discriminatory situations. Review- This will also go a long way in yielding positive results. Making use of legal and organisational procedure- it is very important to seek legal or supreme advice during discriminatory situations. Accurate recoding and reporting documentation is rather important as well. It can be referred to over and over again. Coded of apply and conduct, and tired and guidance relevant to your own and the role, responsibilities, accountability and duties of others when communicating recording and reporting The ordinance of practice could be referred to as suss outs that set the standard for the practice in the 41-4 care setting. The main aim is to guide the team members and their leaders in the practice of their job and to make the care setting free from abuse discrimination and a oppose of other things.It defines the roles and responsibilities of team member and their employer and also helps in making decisions. The code of practice for Employers of cordial care employers sets down the responsibilities of employers in the regulation of affectionate care workers. beneath are the roles of team leaders under the code of practice that reflects to communication. You must have given policies and procedures in place to enable mixer care workers to meet the CQCs code of practice for social care workers. You must put into place and implement written policies and procedures to deal with dangerous, discriminatory or exploitative behaviour and practice. Strive to establish trust and confidence of service users and carers. Make sure that you maintain eye contact with the service user when you are talking and avoid staring, sit where you can be slow seen. Dont sit where someone has to turn in order to look at yo u. -show by your gesture that you are listening and figurele in what people are saying 41-5 - nodding your head will indicate that you are interested and receptive but be metric not to overdo it and look like a nodding clink - you can show your caring and concern by using sense of hang to communicate your caring and concern - be aware of a persons body language which should tell if he or she finds touch acceptable. Recording and reporting Sometimes on that point may be the need to pass on information to other colleagues or other health care professional who contribute to the well-being of service users. Some of the things may need to recorded are Signs and symptoms indicating a change in the condition of an individual Signs of a change in the care needs of an individual Difficulties or conflicts that have risen and actions taking to resolve them Actions you have taken or notice to promote the communication need of such service user All information recorded should be - Clear - should be factual - It should be legible Current local, UK and European legislation and organisational requirements, procedures and practice for Protecting individuals from harm and abuse Pova, Health and golosh, CRB, employees health check, knowledge from cultivation. I have to make sure that all team members go finished the CRB check, medical 41-6 status check taking vaccinations against hepatitis B or C, vesicular, and MMR before they are being employed.It is also essential that I ensure the health and safety of the operative environment as well in order to make it free from abuse and accidents. Making and dealing with complaints and whistle blowing-Complaints procedures, This has to do with the organisational procedure we do have the introduction and application of complaints forms and the same time whistle blowing procedures as well.For example if an issue arises and I happene d to notify my superior, if she doesnt take any action it is important for me to report to the regional director and if the regional private instructor doesnt take any action as well, I am saddled to report to a governing body which force be CQC with or without disclosing my identity. Promoting your organisations service and facilities- feature assurance should be put in place to promote the plaques service and facilities e. g. were there is a leakage is the duty of the manager to call the plumber to fix it as this has to do with health and safety procedures and maintenance.Health and Safety at Work act 1974- The following are the direct quotes from this legislation It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure as far as reasonable practicable, the health and safety and welfare of all his employees it shall be the duty of every employee to take reasonable care of the health and safety of himself and other people who may be affected by hi s act or omission at work. It is also mandatory for every employer to ensure that all equipments are checked and serviced from time to time. Managing and bear upon postulate for health and care services, and the parameters for accepting or rejecting requests for your organisation. This has to do with the organisational policy and procedure which relates to other organisations request in order to provide services.Like inter- care and other organisations that are sending request in order to supply a couple of products and explaining to them the health and care services that your organisation provide and you can tell them where to go in order to get such services oeuvre policies and procedures could be accessed in the following ways From computers, file For example if the information of a node is stored in a computer or another data operating system and it is pass worded. For me to get access to such information I need to request for the password from my superior, the regional manager or the head office. How to access and record information, decisions and judgement about and individuals communication and language needs and preference electronically and manually. cultivation about an individual could be access manually from the care plans, from the individual, social service, friends, family of the individual and the GP. It could also be accessed electronically via telephone, internet, email and fax. Always request for the are plan of an individual before dealing with them and ask if you are not sure about any of the information, and up date data electronically by pass wording and keeping the filed in their book place to observe the data protection How different philosophies, principle priorities and code of practice can affect inter operation and partnership working when communicating, recording and reporting. In this case the other agencys mode of communication to my organisation might not relate to my organisations policy and procedure e. g. he social worker wants to speak to the key worker about an 41-7c individual, but our own policy might not warrant him to use such procedure because the social worker might be communicate sensitive question that needs professional response. Difficulty in inter agency relationship can result into misunderstanding, communication barrier, incorrect information, miss interpretation, loss of information as well. An up to date knowledge of literary works related to best practice in recording, reporting and developing and evaluating communication systems and methods. -Attending training and professional development -Through research -Being showed by your supervisor and manager as they may have more years of experience and store 41-7d knowledge which they are happy to share with you. -Through the net following up information on the internet to improve your knowledge. Be wary about the information you get from the internet make sure that they are from a reputable source such as a government department, a reputable university or colleges. -working and discussing as a group or team In order to reflect best practice, it must be signed, dated, timed, factual, readable, and objective. In this case it has to posses professional quality and must be readable as well. An up to date knowledge of governments reports, inquires and research relevant to recording, 41-7g reporting and personal, organisational, multi-disciplinary and multi- organisational communications. modify knowledge and skills by going for more training, making more research, journals, and internet liaising with governing bodies from time to time, maintenance of constant and very good relationship with other organisations from time to time. By doing all this, as a team leader I will unquestionably be able to update my knowledge and skills in terms of recording, r eporting and personal, organisational, multi-disciplinary and multi organisational communication. Theories about Human increment and development and how it can affect communication abilities Age is one of the factors that hear the immune system weak this will have adverse effect on service users. In a situation when the service user gets very old he might not be able to hear clearly, this will prompt anybody that is speaking to them make some readjustment by raising the tone of their voice season speaking to them. It brings mist speech, memory loss, the hormones gets weak, and medical status changes. 41-7h Team work motivate the ability to perform a task and further more multidisciplinary team can share ideas, help each others improves language and your skills and ability to communicate with client in effect when handing over a shift. parley abilities and skills and their refer on an individual. A service user who comes from a foreign background and doesnt have English as his foreign language might omit his self esteem when he sees how other service users are relating to each other. The impact is that their needs might not be fully met it might lead to frustration, abuse or bad practice. 41-9 Identity, self esteem and self prototype- A language difference makes it difficult to reach their self-esteem or self-image for example if the client does not speak or right effectively it brings about withdrawal of one skill and ability to work as am group. This is the way that someone pictures him or herself. Loss of it might lead to isolation of one self and not being able to communicate his/her demands. 41-10 power relationship and how it can be employ and abuse when communicating with vulnerable people For instance, a carer might take a service user for granted due to the service users nature of health. In a case where the service user do forget easily, the carer can decide to give some informations which are not professional in the presence of his service user because he knows that he will forget. Power can be utilise positively in terms of communication by encouraging the service user and it can be used the other way round by swearing and shouting on the service user. multi-disciplinary and multi-organisational working and communication I a situation where an abuse have occurred , the staff that was involved face a disciplinary panel and POVA and other governing bodies within and alfresco the organisation could be involved. 41-11 Evidence base research and knowledge based research and benefit of both when recording and reporting. Making use of legislations and quotations while reporting . It makes them serve as future reference and legal document. This authentifies the report and makes it meet professional standard. Knowledge of physical and mental condition you are most seeming to deal with an d make judgement on when managing and processing request for services.From my own point of view there are some physical and mental conditions of my service user that I can easily decode the cause and know the next line of action. For example of my service user that his mental status deteriorates drastically I noticed that might be as a result of his age, I informed my manager, so I had to call the social worker and GP to come and access him, so his medications was reviewed. At the conclusion of the review. I contact the 41-14 pharmacist to supply. Health, social emotional, financial, and environmental factors that affects the communication skill and abilities and well bearing of individuals, families, groups and communities. This could be as a result of an unsafe working environment this will definitely result into a couple of things within the working environment because there is no level of security for service users, visitors, staffs, and those o utside the organisation as well. Health factor could be hapless facilities for hygiene and other poor facilities as well which are not helping the people within and outside the organisation. How different philosophies, principles, priorities and codes of practice can affect inter agency and partnership communication and working. This can affect inter agency relationships positively or negatively. Basically inter agency relationships in the context of communication can be of different modal(a). The computer can be used for data processing and updating or uploading.Phones can be used for calls, reporting, enquiry, receiving. The fax machine as well can be used for reporting, receiving. Internet could be used for research, emails, while the beeper could be used for sending signals. Different organisations can have policies principles guiding the use of this medium in dissemination of information are which might either be to the advantage or disadvantage of the other 41-15 agency that is relating to them. Physical and mental conditions you are likely to deal with within your work with individuals families, carers, groups and communities and their effect on the communication needs of individuals. Physical-Ageing, sickness, disabilities, memory lose, hear impairments, lose of sight. Mental- dementia, depression, stress, dyspraxia, alzelmhers, and the effects can be inappropriate eactions, stress, anxiety, and frustration. Lastly their needs might not be met perfectly by their community due to their softness to communicate their requests. Specific equipments that will enable individuals with speaking, sight or hearing difficulties and additional needs or learning difficulties to receive and respond to information and how to access and use this. The specific aids used in the care setting to enable individuals with speaking, sight or hearing 41-17a difficulties and additional needs or learning difficulties to meet their communication needs and preferences are hearing-aids, specs (glasses), communicative pictures, makaton, flash cards, computer audio communication systems, interpreter etc.Not the furnish of this alone to individuals who need them but to encourage them in making use of it as well. The types of records and report that you are required to hit within your work role and how to complete them Below are the records and reports that I do complete within my work role. The finance register, supervision form, annual appraisal, Criminal Record be rue check, Risk assessment, Care worker assessment, Reviews, Care plans, proceedings of meetings, Daily Logs, Handover, maintenance records . In order to state how to complete them, they should be dated, completed, clear enough, comprehensive, timed, location, witness, subject, and should be objective as well. 41-17b The different types of data that can be used within records and record and which are best for records and reports you need to access, complete use and develop-Basically data means informations. The different kind of informations needed in the care setting is of the following categories. Financial this could be the financial informations about the home, individual, staffs and financial relationships with other organisations as well. Medical this has to do with the medical informations about an individual. Social anyway in relation to the social status of an individual e. g. Members of his family, his wife 41-17c and children. Research based this as to do with informations received based on the research I have made. Statistical statistical in the sense of the data base that I do update from time to time. Methods of working which facilitates the resultant of the conflicts that you are likely to face when communicating with individuals and key people. Be attentive, supportive, encourage, and provide adequat e information.When it comes to resolution of conflicts in relation to communication, I have got to clarify all misunderstanding in a polite and informed manner in order not to cause another create bad feelings and if I cant solve the conflict I refer to my manager to get advice or intervene 41-17d to solve the issue at hand 31.How and where information communication technologies can and should be used for communicating, recording and reporting Communication technologies can be used in different ways to pass information about the service user and the staff needs during the time of reviewing and updating information about service user this techno0logy can be use to pass on information to the appropriate people that need to know this information or needs to be involved in the reviewing of the information. Some equipment and how they are being used within the setting are stated below- Computer- store data, updating, recording Phones calls, enquiry, reporting. 41-17e Fax reporting, receiving. Internet Emails, reporting and receiving. Beeper For sending signals. Pagers- reporting and receiving, Projector, Reporting, presentation, training. All the above equipment could be found within the care setting. The computer, phones. Fax, internet 41-17f can be found in the office while the projector could be found in the training room. 41-18 41-19 41-20 41-21 41-23 41-26 41-27 41-29 41-31

Domain Name Essay

Browsing through different terra firma servers, I would suggest a well known and established company. I would suggest the use of GoDaddy. com. I have personally used the utility and can attest to their customer service available 24/7 via telephone and live chat. The provider also offers free personalized email, DNS tame and status alerts for the page. The prices are competitive with other companies with advertance in non only hosting the site, they will assist in the building and maintenance of the site.As far as celestial sphere name, at the time of searching the res publica name of FreeFluShotsForElderly. org is available. I would suggest the use of a . org vs another due(p) to the public misconception of their view towards the extensions. A normal individual may take in a . org extension as a non-profit vs if it was a . com and not consider it to be non-profit. The name, while long, also would be slowly memorable in terms of the elderly as well as being easily located wi th search engines as well.Another possible alternative is to push with a purchase like this and purchase similar domain names along the same lines and with different extensions for a cheaper price. With the purchase of the additional domain names, you can reroute users from those sites to your trunk site that is being maintained. Not only would this assist with individuals typing in the wrong address, it would assist with people who are smell for different sites that are mistakenly brought to this organizations site.

“Afterwards” by Thomas Hardy Essay

Afterwards, by Thomas Hardy, is a poem that questions the flair that people will look upon the vote counter after his death. It centres most the idea of noticing things, showing the tellers precision and the ambivalence of his neighbours. Hardy gets this crossways by the techniques that he uses, and the detailed descriptions which show the full extent of what the narrator has noticed. The poem shows the complexity of temperament, and describes the cycle of life.The low stanza begins by personifying the Present, which is very hold as the poem is concerned by the aliveness of the surroundings that it is describing. The informant to the back gate suggests blockage, and is a very precise way of describing the send away of the narrators life. This sense of closure is likewise demonstrated in the structure of the poem, which is self-contained in its alternate rhymed quatrains. It has a rhyming pattern of abab, which means that the poem is soft and pleasing to hear, reflects t he quietness of reputation and goes along with the idea of the man being gentle and tremulous. It is as well pleasing to the eye as each(prenominal) stanza loosely mirrors the previous one. still the number of syllables varies in each line, which means the poem is not take a breathrain by its structure. This is fitting to the content of the poem as there argon references to birds, and flying which has the connotations of freedom.An deterrent example of this is, And the May month flaps its glad common land leaves like wings. This animal construery is totally un-restrictive, as well as painting a very bright and vibrant picture of the placate that he is describing. The alliteration, combined with each line only having one syllable facilitates to give the bouncing, jolly effect. The line in like manner shows enjambment from the counterbalance line that is a technique carried on throughout the poem, adding to the overall continuity. The month of May is as well described a s being delicate-filmed as parvenu spun silk. This simile gives a very precise description of the beauty of spring, comparing it to a showy new fabric, and giving it an almost transparent quality. There are also the connotations of value and exquisiteness.The second stanza moves consecutively from day date to dusk, using appropriate diction to describe the time. Hardy is precise in describing the moment the hawk lands as like an eyelids soundless blink. This has the combined effect of conveying some(prenominal) the ocular swiftness of movement, and also the quietness of the moment. He manages to create an eerie aroma by using the word shades, which gives the impression that there are m each shadows and it is not very easy to see. The eerie tone is continued by the wind-warped upland thorn, in which the plosive R sound adds to the feeling of rustiness. It shows that the narrator does not only appreciate the bright beauty of the day time, notwithstanding the more mystical qualit y of the evening, therefore noticing the full complexity of what nature has to offer.The idea of the day wearing on continues in the third stanza, where the first line foregrounds the rest of the stanza by stating If I pass during some nocturnal blackness, which clearly sets the scene for night time. This is carried on by the description of the hedgehog and the moths, which only venture out at night, which creates a mood of two-eyed violet and tranquility. The idea that the hedgehog travels furtively suggests a sense of purpose, that the hedgehog has a sly, secret mission to complete, which will go unnoticed in the rest of the world. This seems symbolic for the narrator, who seems to be discretely observing eachthing. The secretiveness would help explain the distance that seems to be between him and the rest of the human beings around him. This distance is further achieved by the fact that there are neer any names mentioned, or any suggestion of family or relationships. For examp le one may say,which is typically impersonal.Stanza four moves from describing the animals that the narrator identifies with, and is more foc apply of the narrator and his idea of the people around him. It is different from the previous stanzas in that there is no movement within it, which is appropriate because Hardy is describing the time when the narrator has been stilled at last. The focus switches from the visual nature the narrator is so utterly familiar with, to the full starred heavens that winter sees. accordingly he is thinking about the unknown, and the life that awaits him after he dies. once more there is the use of personification for winter, as there was for spring, which is important as it signifies the end of theseasonal cycle where things wither and die.Continuing this somewhat disconsolate tone, the root word of the last stanza seems to give up on human nature. It asks, and will any say when my bell of quittance is heard in the gloom. This brings you back to the closure suggested in the first stanza, where he describes the gate closing on his life. The image of the bell contrasts to the silence of the previous stanzas, especially the one immediately preliminary it.It describes the sound dying, and then rising again as a new bells boom. The alliteration again helps the line move quickly, suggesting the speed that people fringe around. The onomatopoeic word boom suggests the loud noise that people make, contrast to the peace and tranquility of the nature and animals that he describes. The poem ends by intercommunicate if the people will say, he hears it not now but used to notice such things? This sums up the whole poem, which is expressing how people will not ask these questions.The refrains bring in the new voice in each stanza, having the effect of uniting each one. The meaning of each of the final lines never really alters, achieving the realization that the narrator knows that he will never change the views of the people around him . Hardy is criticizing human nature for not fish fillet long enough to reflect on what is really meaningful in peoples lives.Therefore in conclusion the repetition of the first line, that ends the poem sums up the whole idea that nothing has actually been resolved. It emphasizes the complexity of nature and the amount of things that goes unnoticed every day and night. Hardy employs mingled techniques to make the poem come alive, which is crucial in showing his sense of taste of what is going on around him. He uses extensive imagery, so that it is both visual, such as by describing the colours, and the explicit detail that is in every small thing that he describes. The silence is also transmitted efficaciously by word choice such as soundless blink. It is also effective in identifying his affinity with animals, as opposed to human beings.

Jane Loevinger’s stages of ego development Essay

I have d unmatchable much inquiry of theories on stages of life, stages in life, how and why, we all got to be how we be. Of course, I have my suffer theory, which is because and in reference to all the research I had done. However, I requirement to state that I most agree with Jane Loevingers philosophy, that this sentiency of the ego or I as an active interpreter of experiencechanges in significant ways all over the course of human life. Loevingers sample of ego development charts those changes over time.Jane Loevinger had her own theory of stages that human beings go through in becoming who they are hers begs to differ in the sense of it is all how we categorize what we have learned in life Loevinger tells us how we organize (in our mind) those contents I-2 Impulsive- Impulsive Egocentric, dependent Bodily feelings Delta Self-protective Opportunistic Manipulative, awake Trouble, control I-3 Conformist- Respect for rules Cooperative, loyal Appearances, behavior I-3/4 Consc ientious- Exceptions allowable Helpful, self- aware Feelings, problems, adjustment Conformist. I-4 Conscientious- Self-evaluated Intense, responsible Motives, traits, achievement standards, self-critical. I-4/5 Individualistic- Tolerant Mutual Individuality, development, purposes. I-5 Autonomous- header with conflict Interdependent Self-fulfillment, psychological causation. I-6 Integrated- Cherishing individuality Identity.In going over the table in laymans terms, I retrieve it is writ large that she is describing growing up in general, and what would be helpful and healthy for a person to experience. The table does not list 1-1, which I believe that is because it would be what one views (optical) as a baby, before one can babble out or think in any cognitive way. She starts with Impulse control, which is winsome, because no one has morals/values, and/or any sense of right/wrong, at the beginning of his or her lives. She also mentions manipulative in this category, which is a lso agreeable because a person will be manipulative at a young age in trying to gain control, which I think leads us into the second category of conformist. I believe that is agreeable also, for one is encyclopedism to conform without manipulation, (because of the earlier manipulation), in learning their own cocky control and what they have decided they like.Next, Conscientious Individualistic, is people becoming aware of everything, especially other people around them and how they are different. They are learning to be patient and understand that each is different, at first they exculpate they must tolerate others, then, going into autonomous, they more than tolerate differences, they also presume them. The final stage is Integrated, which to me is self-satisfaction, in the knowing that one knows life and understands it. They possess all that they are, their purpose, and everyone elses purpose. They understand each person has a role in this world and are now more than acceptin g of it they are grateful. It is feeling of understanding. Their mind, body and soul is satisfied.

The Effects of Animal Cruelty and Abandonment

The Ameri bum hostel for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, also known as the ASPIC, is some other organization that serves to abate beast abuse and enforce chit towards c arless deary owners. Among these organizations, batch for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, PETA Is responsible for creating knowingness and putting an end to beast rigor. at that place atomic number 18 other ways an animal(prenominal) sewer be a victim of animal scratchiness, without rattling be harmed. Animal Hoarding, a practice of animal loers, is ironic every(prenominal)y a nonher related topic of animal cruelty.In some views, this is an attempt o lighten the animal, but galore(postnominal) other views differ, saying this solution result muchover cause problems. Even though there be lots of organizations that second prevent animal cruelty and abandonment, there is still more that can be d star.Animals should be loved and cherish, Instead of Ignored and neglected, How can this ori gination wide crawls be solved? When animals atomic number 18 delinquent, they naturally begin to create thousands of takings, and because of this, baby animals roam and start to re take a shit at an alarming rate. It has been estimated that more than 50 one thousand thousand cats and wienerwursts live in happy homes in the US.On the contrary, over 50 meg cats and dogs have been account as neglected and abused. People are no longer willing to adopt animals. The population of animals and diminish interest of owning pets has led to a huge number of animal overpopulation for each one year. Animal World Network explains that For every human born, 7 puppies and kittens are born One female cat and her offspring can produce 420,000 cats in 7 years One female dog and her offspring can produce 67,000 puppies in 6 years. One half of abandoned animals are taken into fosters and the other half are in the streets.About 61% of dogs and 75% f cats are bought to shelters and are killed b ecause mass do not adopt these animals In time. Due to the lack of education, shelter, financial and other resources, cats and dogs are archetypal on the list to be housed In a shelter of the shortest amount of time and first on the list of animals to kill. The Humane bon ton is a worldwide organization supported by 11 million Americans which was founded in 1954. It is one of the best protection agencies for animals all over the world, ski tow over a million of dollars in order to create sentience to citizens.The mission of the Humane Society of he United States, HUGS Is to celebrate all breeds of animals and also to confront cruel TTY. HUGS states Tanat teen are Americas mainstream Torte gallant cruelty exploitation and neglect. They confront these issues and provide animals with rescue facilities and clinics for them to get washed, feed and neutered. They are involved in and responsible for organizing meetings, marches, and forums in order to school rescript about animal res cue and animal investigations.HUGS holds advertising campaigns to advertise adoption for animals so that the nation knows whats going on and how they can alleviate. HUGS follower with other associations to trench the message of their organization and create stronger ties with organization with like missions. One program known as, Humane Wildlife operate, in the D. C metro area help homeowners and businesses with time periodping violence towards animals. The Humane Wildlife Services help go for valid solutions for problems concerning violent neighbors.HUGS strives to stop cruelty targeting practices of dog fighting and cook fighting abusive puppy mills country in Confinements of animal in crates and cages HUGS does its best to protect all animals and they will elapse this mission in confronting animal cruelty on a whole. Another organization that also helps stop animal cruelty is The American Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals known worldwide as the ASPIC. The ASPIC was completed in North America in 1866 and still today they are here doing the best that they can offer.The This organization believes that animals should be do byed fairly and has healthy environments. The ASPIC are the pioneers of all animal humane organizations, they continue to maintain legal generatority to take charge in investigations and arrest twists that treat animals indisposed. The ASPIC claims that it is their mission to provide local and national leadership Raring for pet parents and pets, providing positive outcomes for at risk animals and serving victims of animal cruelty.In other words, animal cruelty is A serious issue N law enforcement and rational. It is very important that state become involved and work to provision quick responses to these acts of criminal behavior. There is an organization like the Humane Society and ASPIC People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, (PETA) is also involved in firmness issues on animal cruelty. There was a la dy named, Ingrain E. Newsier, an author and co-founder of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, who put together essays y raft who alikek the initiative and helped create change. She started PETA in 1980 in her Washington, D. C. Basement to offer good deal simple vegetarian options and alternatives to products from companies that used animals in research.The nonprofit has grown to 2. 5 million supporters -? the largest animal-rights organization in the world -? and has created a global shift in sensibleness about the plight of animals. Petals focus is primarily on animals crucifixion on farms, clothing trade areas, laboratories, and in industries around the world. To create aware of their cause, PETA works through education. Meetings are held around the world to raise sentience to many people.They visit schools to educate children and adults about their organization. They also work with cruelty investigations, research, animal rescue, legislation, special events, and ce lebrity involvement, and protest campaigns. PETA exclaims that animals have a Voice too and all they want is some love to be given towards them. PETA strives to get ahead people to take action because it is up to us to make a change. A dichotomous act animal lovers experience is that of animal hive up. How can animals be negatively yarn-dyeed by people that love to be care for emergencyy animals?I Nils Issue NAS Eden Known to affect as many as u. Animal annually. An extreme case reported there over 800 pets living in one home. When there is actualize an elderly woman lady, for example, living with 15-20 pets, a problem arises because it is harmful toward those animals, being bunched up together. The are many reasons why animal hoarding is just by many people. One of the reasons is that a psyche experienced a traumatic situation, which induced stress, b living conditions, and tough health problems. A person is then in denial of their owe problems and they in second look to ha ve large amount of animals to conceal their owe plethoric in their lives.Many animals are affected not Just cats or dogs. Animals such a chickens, snakes, ferrets, birds, goats, rabbits, lizards and many more are affected b animal hoarding. Animal Legal Fund, an organization fighting to protect the lives of animals says that, In price of the number of animals affected and the degree and duration of their suffering, hoarding is the number one animal cruelty crisis facing companion animals in communities throughout the country. These animals are living bunched up together with no proper equipment to sustain a healthy environment, the start to suffer from unsanitary conditions.In effect, these animals are sick, dying and poorly socialized. LADY listed ways to decrease the amount of animal hoarding in the world. The first strategy is the use of civil action in stopping animal hoarders and documents these cases as acts of cruelty towards animals. The second strategy is to stop animal hoarding by taxing the hoarder that is doing the crimes, instead of the local taxpayer. When animals are rescued from homes, bundles of them are confiscated and this makes it sound for local agencies and organizations to feed and comfort these animals, because there is not enough none.A majority of the time, money is taxed to the average working person when they had nothing to do with it. LADY suggested that the money should come from the hoarders instead of hard working citizens.. The final strategy, which falls in line wit the first strategy, would be that laws are applied very seriously to situations like HTH There will be sentencing given towards animal hoarders that try to repeat criminal acts. LADY is working hard to stop animal cruelty in society. First time offenders of animal hoarding will be prosecuted fit in to LADY First Strike and Youre Out La.In this essay, many sources were stated to assert readers about animal abandonment and cruelty. Many organizations and facil ities are doing everything possible to decrease violence towards animals around the world. Has the world ma an improvement? Can society clap for them because of a Job well done ? NO I choose this topic because this is a worldwide issue and it should be discussed fasten to make change in the future. Animals throughout the world will continue to experience these situations for a long time, but it is so much that people can do. Animals will still be neglected, mistreated and devalued as living, breathing ratters.This worldwide issue needs to stop and it is up to the people to take a stand. Communities have to be willing to give animals Voices and help them survive We may have thousands of organizations around the world trying very hard to stop animal cruelty but people need to take initiative in their surroundings people must solve the criminal act and severity of animal abandonment and its reproductions. Slowly many organizations along with individual communities are creating awaren ess around animal cruelty, however, somewhere in each community there is a lonely animal roaming ten streets omen snouts report tans to Nell ten Animal.

An African American Fight for Respect Essay

For thousands of years women withstand been fighting for m either an(prenominal) things, hotshot of the well-nigh important being respect. Some people whitethorn think respect for a woman is simply holding the penetration for her as she walks through, pulling her chair out for her out front she is seated, or possibly reasonable standing when she leaves the table but respect is so often more(prenominal) than that. Respect is a feeling of deep admiration for somebody elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. Respect is a feeling that dropnot but be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be realize, fought for, or rewarded.For the African American woman, respect did not come by so easily no matter how hard they fought or even if they earned it. Examples of the African American woman fighting for her respect, has once upon a quantify been one of the many heads during all literary periods. The cardinal works that I chose have the similar theme of respe ct. The literary pieces are Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston and The burnish Purple by Alice Walker. These two works show the resembling theme of respect for b deficiency women and the fight for it from men.Though both stories have comparisons that could go on for days, they just as well have their differences by the way the handle the theme of respect. Alice Walker has been writing stories and poetry for many years. As a graduate of Spelman College she was given great opportunities and was given a solid education. Womens rights and respect has always been two topics close to Alices heart. It has been said, that Alice Walker expresses the struggles of black people, particularly women, and their lives in a racist, sexist, and violent society. Her literature also lean more towards the roles of black women through culture and hi account.On March 3, 2008 Alice Walker was arrested on International Womens Day for go across the police line at a rally in look of The White House. Walker has set a measurement and has never had any need or want to change it. Of the many stories that Alice Walker has written, the one that stands out the most to me dealing with the female struggle for respect is the story made movie and musical, The Color Purple. The Color Purple, is a story written in 1982 that has won twofold awards and recognitions for its not so classy try and realistic views.Some of these awards being from the Blue Ribbon Awards, Black pictorial matter Awards, Golden Globe Awards, eleven nominations during the Oscars, and plenty more. The main characters in The Color Purple, are Celie Harris Johnson and Mister Albert Johnson. Celie has been abused since she was just a young girl she had two children by her father Leonard and she is forced to marry Albert, a young widower, by the age of fourteen. During her years of being married to Albert, she is taunted, disrespected, beaten, and abused up until she turns her disembodied spirit around when she meets Shug Avery , a well-known Jazz singer, who comes to live with the couple.Shug takes it upon herself to help Celie go off her self-confidence so she can not completely stand up to her save and demand respect, but to feel beautiful about herself inner(a) and out. By the end of the story, Celie stands up to Avery and is finally reconnected with the family that was once taken extraneous from her. Another great black female agent who proudly carries the theme of respect in her stories is Zora Neale Hurston. Hurston, a graduate of Howard University, was a well-known author during the Harlem Renaissance.Hurston is most known for her famous literary piece entitled, Their Eyes Were honoring God which caught the eyes of readers around the world. Like Alice Walker, Zora Neale Hurston has also won multiple awards for her fabulous novels, short stories, and poems. The story Sweat written by Zora Neale Hurston takes get in a small all black town hardened near Orlando, Florida. This story, like many others with disrespect towards the wife, starts off with husband Sykes gibelike his wife Delia by tricking her into thinking that the whip he throws over her shoulders is a snake, intimate she is deadly terrified of them.Throughout the story, Delia deals with infidelity, abuse, rumors, and taunting from her husband. Towards the end of the story, her husband buys a rattlesnake and refuses to take it back where he found it from, knowing his wife is terrified. In the end, that very snake gets loose, houres, and kills him Delia stands their watching him die. The website articlemyriad. com states The reader can speculate on whether or not Delia was too afraid to go forward to get help for her husband, but it is the general consensus that she purposefully let him die. time you could argue both, if you are going to contend that she was just afraid, youd erupt take a closer look at the text before trying to defend your point. One of the greatest comparisons in this story is the lack of respect the husbands have for their wives, a marriage is supposed to be fill up with trust, respect, love, and honesty, all of which the two marriages in The Color Purple and Sweat lacked. Although at that place are many comparisons, there were also seams in the two stories, although not exactly easy to find with a closed mind.A contrast in these two stories to me that stood out the most were the personalities of the two wives in the stories. In The Color Purple, Celie is abused and taken service of, but holds a quiet tongue until the end Delia in Sweat is abused and taken advantage of , but she always speaks her mind and portrays her true feelings towards something. With these two stories I mat up it was good to have the personalities of the women who wanted respect to be completely distinguishable so that I could compare and contrast just a bit more clearly.One was more hidden and kept feelings to herself, the other more outgoing and stronger like all women should be. In conclusion, respect for women, especially blacks, has been a subject that will always be discussed and fought for. Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker described the struggle for respect in many similar and different ways. I give tongue to earlier that for thousands of years women have been fighting for many things, one of the most important being respect and that respect was a feeling that cannot just be given to someone, it is a feeling that must be earned, fought for, or rewarded.I am proud of the long way that not only African American women have come, but women all race and I am blessed to have such profound women to look up to. Women in the past who have fought for our rights set a high standard for the rest of us to follow and I look forward to doing just so. Works Cited 1. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature Second Edition total heat Louis Gates Jr. & Nellie Y. McKay.

Importance of Listening

Listening is p ruse of communication and style arts. There atomic number 18 fights and miscommunications be exercise nobody has the time to listen. This is a very eventful tool to exclude misconceptions and misunderstanding. Careful comprehend gives mortal good and accurate information. Every individual should develop their listening skills. Until the 1940s, no one seems to have thought that practised listening required any particular instruct. Two causes have produced a changed attitude toward listening.First, there has been enormous expansion in the means of contagion the spoken voice by disc record, tape recording, radio, television, sound apparent motion pictures, and videotapes. Second, there has been increased interest in group discussion, as shown partially by the conferences, conventions, and workshops that are held, and by the many discussion programs on the air.The verbiage body encompasses the language of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The acquisiti on of these skills follows a general sequence of increase (1) listening, (2) speaking, (3) reading, and (4) writing. The different language forms have a core language arranging that underlies and integrates the four elements of language. Experiences with for each one language form strengthen the underlying language system, which in turn influences an individuals facility in each language form.Numerous situations in everyday living require unspoiled listening. For example, informal conversation, social and business telephoning interviews taking part in conferences listening to addresses, lectures, readings, reports, and plays and following oral directions.From the young child, who gains much of his or her knowledge from speech activities in the classroom, to the courtroom lawyer, whose success depends largely on understanding what is utter, the art of listening is a language skill vital to each persons life and work. Good listening enlarges the attenders overleap of language . Through listening to speeches, poetry, and plays, a person throw out gain an gustatory sensation of literature and of the spoken language.Through reading and listening have kindred problems, listeners face two special conditions. First, they moldinessiness grasp the meaning at once there is no opportunity to reflect on what was said or to go back and review it. Second, listeners are directly bear upon by the personality of the speaker, whose voice, gestures, and presence are often as important as the words being spoken. Thus, there are good reasons for training people to listen effectively.To be most effective, listening must take on four requirements.Listening must be focused listeners cannot be half-hearted in their attention. 2. Listening must be exact listeners must grasp on the nose what has been said, not some vague notion of it. They must be qualified to take hold of the content, including the sequence of parts and their relationship to the whole.3. Listening must b e aware. Listeners must be critics as well as receivers they must be able to distinguish the essential from the nonessential they must be as objective as possible, alert for bias in themselves as well as in the speaker.4.Listening must be courteous listener owes the speaker respect and interest.In education, listening is an element of the language system that has been neglected by educators. Although concern for the instruction of speaking and reading, is common, the students ability to listen has been taken for granted. Students are typically expected to pay back this ability without special instructions.The fact is, however, that many students do not bring out functional skills in listening by themselves. According to medical consultation specialists, over half the people referred to them for suspected deafness have no defect in hearing acuity and no organic pathology that would cause their seeming hearing impairment.Listening is a basic skill that can be improved through teach ing and practice. Compared with the quantity of research in reading, research in listening is minuscule. One explanation for poor listening skills is that students and people today are so bombarded with constant sound that whitethorn have actually learned to tune out what they do not wish to hear, and they have become skillful at not listening.

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT announce TOPIC- antimicrobial ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF sexual love. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. 10800037 interlace NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this project entitled anti microbial act of unlike types of love life submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , educatees of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the al sm completely of Bachelors of technical schoolnology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of students own study carried under my supervision & counselling. This report has non been submitted to any separate(a) university or institution for the award of any degree. understand 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, student of B. Tech Biotechnology under Department of Biotechnolo gy of Lovely Professional Univerersity, Punjab, herewith decl atomic number 18 that all the information furnished in this dissertation / capst one and set downly(a) project report is based on my own intensive query and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the better of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree any of this niversity or any other university with proscribed proper citation. Date 17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement Any attempt at any level cant be satisfactorily masterlyd without the support and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectAntimicrobial military action of diametric types of love.I would like to express my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his age slight support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I alike would like to thanks my group member who helped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT dulc orate is a traditional subjectal handling for infected wounds. It can be tackive on antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterium. some(preno bital) local brands of beloved(Dabur) collected from contrary comes is utilize in this study. Also the making love is collected from conglomerate apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacterial nicety were taken from the laboratory of the Lovely professional University and was revived in alimental broth media and and so sub-cultured in nutrient nutrient nutrient agar-agar-agar media. The manner employ to rill this antibiotic sensitivity of making love was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . Marked divergences were observed in the antibacterial drug performance of these love life auditions. bacterial species utilize were group B subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The district of controlion explicated against antithetic bacteria utilise dear of different preoccupancy be as follows E. oli (pathankot take in) degree centigrade% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm E. coli (dabur examine) vitamin C% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm E. coli (saharanpur take in) one C% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm B. subtilis (pathankot) coulomb% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm B. subtilis (dabur) coulomb% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm Burkholderia spp. (pathankot) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm Burkholderia spp. dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2 . 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm zonas of ban of different treatment groups were measured by agar- puff up-diffusion assay and comp ard with control. The comparison of erotic love sample with distilled peeing system control had proved it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1. 1) making love as antibacterial performer 7 1. objective lens 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF dulcify 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION edulcorate is a impudent sustenance make by bees using nectar from f trim downs. The dulcify is a sweet, viscous precarious produced by bees from the collection of nectar, primarily from flowers. It is considered to be a natural syrup. The ambrosia is gathered by the bees and is slowly trans organize into dulcorate, through a farseeing rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the gradual reduction of moisture. Honey is a rich sour ce of carbohydrates primary(prenominal)(prenominal)ly Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of edulcorate varies depending on the flora source, season and production methods. at that placefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds vary depending on the flowered sources. Other compounds which can be found in Honey accommodate Proteins and sulfurouss such(prenominal) as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, as well as known as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). Honey has a low pH and a low moisture content, which is usually on intermediate approximately 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in honey is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, while affect the nectar, this give honey a low pH. There are galore(postnominal) varieties of honey from around the world which come in three main types which are liquid, whipped and comb. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is utilise in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honeys were elect because they are entire and readily obtainable in health food stores 1. 1) The bacteri blisteringe Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to countenance antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had bulky research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobic effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of bacteriacide Properties Honey has many natural properties which enable it to inhibit bacteria.These properties include, a low pH which is in the grade of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is due to its content of acidic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as state above. A low pH is inhibitory to most bacteria. Since most bacteria live in environments around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the way large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the shape of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to denature.Honey contains small amounts of Hydrogen bleach (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a result of the enzyme glucose oxidase exercise in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), total heat bleach is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, enthalpy peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a efficacious oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to damage cells.In an aqueous result hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a variety of compounds, by accepting free unpaired electrons. This al lows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a cascade effect. Therefore altering biological structures and therefore damage cells. Honey is primarily a saturated mixture of 2 monosaccharide, with a low water bodily function most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and a couple of(prenominal) remain forthcoming for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth.If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water activity, and therefore no longer possesses this germicide property. Honey consists of various constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. besides the major ones, there must also be whatever(prenominal) baby bird constituents in honey, which may be playing a key single-valued function in determining the disinfectant behaviour of honey. In the past, disinfectant activity of honey had been reported only by using aqueous resultant role of honey.It is said that hone y possesses antibacterial property but it is not bring in whether it is the bulk honey or some fraction of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of new tissue to heal the wound. The germicidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on density of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be contributing to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was trenchant to carryout the studies using different solvents.The present study therefore deals with the constituents in the different solvents followed by evaluation of extract for their antimicrobial behaviour against certain species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was defined with chase objective 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. confirming staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive vitamin B subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderi a capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% honey sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive staph aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since ancient times and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating back to 2500 b. c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several(prenominal) indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis.Its healing properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial activity of honey is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in straight honey the acidity is also a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH , ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the maturation of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates between 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to affected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors pass with dilution however, the activity of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these determine, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral origins, inhibits the development of various intestinal bacteria. All chemical and physical factors make the remedial properties of honey unique fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, quick light recovery, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as the development of epithelial and game tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive elements and sterilize to prevent secondary inf ections. 3. 1) TYPES OF HONEY ON BASIS OF FLORAL SOURCE- Blended- virtually commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of two or more honeys differing in floral source, color, flavor, density or geographical origin. Polyfloral Polyfloral honey, also known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The enjoy may vary from year to year, and the aroma and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which bloomings are prevalent.Monofloral- Monofloral honey is do primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys induce a distinctive flavor and color because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. Honeydew honey- Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very minacious brown in color, with a rich fragrance of stewed takings or fig jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) establishment OF HONEY Carbohydrates Unsurprisingly, these comprise the major portion of honey about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide fructose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%) and disaccharides (9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from uncomplete breakdown of the senior higher saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and Amino Acids.Honey contains a number of enzymes, including hold backase, which converts sucrose to glucose and fructose amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen and acid phosphoryl ase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most coarse is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and AntioxidantsHoney contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, southeast, chromium and manganese. The main group of antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the greater its antioxidising properties. Other compoundsHoney also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Hone y also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. According to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al Twelve of the 13 bacteria were inhibited by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys.Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey concentrations 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had uniform inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can have alike antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. According to cock C.Molan (2001), honey may be the natural cure for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. Researchers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a diminutiveamount hydrogen peroxide when combined with bodily fluids killing nigh bacteria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte andphagocyte activity (barrel maker et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, MA. 2004).In this study the antibacterial activity of the five honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is due to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an nameless synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The presence of the synergist in manuka honey more than manifold MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial a ctivity of raw and commercially available honey was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, genus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, while E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towards both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no effects on Salmonella spp. The potency of honey at 100%concentration was found to be higher than all other concentrations tested. However, no effect was observed at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the case of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004).To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employ s the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their tinge reference strains thereof emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C.Voidarou 2010). Natural products, either as pure compounds or as triteized plant extracts, provide untrammelled opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical diversity (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle East and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992 Zulma Lulat, 1989). Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal wood from different sources and mixtu re of of and -santanols were highly rough-and-ready against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong evidence of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal fossil oil and black pepper (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar content as well as low water content and acidity, which prevent microbial growth.Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an inhibition factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major reader to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Mola n, 1992).Moreover, non peroxide factors also play deprecative role. The content of non peroxide factors are related to the floral source and sometimes account for the major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). cardinal samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and canvass for moisture, pH, total acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements.The variation in composition of honey samples was observed due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of infectious microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The discrepancy in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One possibility might be related to the differences in faculty of each species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000 Ceyhan and Ugur 2001 Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of honey enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey.The presence of unstable rateative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the experimental procedure and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in th e preliminary study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biotechnology lab. in accordance to given requirement. Glass wares used- conelike flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri plates, grouch rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used- Beakers, Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), auto pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and guanine? l) Instruments used- eager air oven, Autoclave machine, Laminar air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave ovenOther significant used - Sprit lamp, plug borer,test tube stand, auto pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter paper Chemicals used- Nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods Physicochemical study Appearance of different honeys was observed. pH is contumacious using conventional procedure like using ph scale. Antibacterial study Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the commencement exercise step, an in vitro screening bequeath be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method.Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, net honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with mental image distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the stock available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India.Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the bacterial strains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then compensated for 24 hours in incubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media- For All Bacterial strains- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. hence solution was heated and boiled for 1 indorsement to completely dissolve the powder. Then media was autoclaved.Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation narrow . 58g of Nacl an d dissolve it to 10ml of distled water and make saline before 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix properly in the saline. Nutrient agar medium for antimicrobial testing 7g of nutrient agar medium was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved .After that pouring the petriplates and left it 20 minute for solidify medium and make rise , after solidify put the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incubate for 18-48 hours at 37C. scrutiny of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of aseptic nutrient broth, and incubated at 37 C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the line up of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar carefully without rough the gel. In two agar plate of all quaternity sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey(3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control.Then with the help of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to minimize exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin tape to avoid contamination. Incubation of the plates . A temperature range of 35C 2C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in carbon dioxideas this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of i nhibition 1.Following incubation, measure the zone coatsto the nearest millimeterusing a ruler or caliper include the diameter of the well in the measurement . 2. All measurements were made with the unaided eye while view the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Record the zone size on the recording sheet. Figure1 Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- Figure2 Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media- Fig. 3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. 4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method Fig 5 No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is giving Fig 6 No antiba cterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown healthful ACTIVITY OF variant HONEYS AGAINST E. coliFIG. 7 ZONES OF forbidding BY sundry(a) DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY heterogeneous DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FIG. 9 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample) 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample) 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm FIG. 12 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DI LUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST Burkholderia capacium FIG. 13 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm FIG. 4 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HO NEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed that honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey were golden colour in color. Dabur honey- golden colour,transparent Pathankot sample golden colour with sufficient transparency Saharanpur sample dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken like a shot from bee hive.Table 1- Diameter of the regularise of Inhibition by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 6 1. 9 1. 7 1. 2 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 7 2. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 1 1. 7 1. 4 1. 2 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 1 1. 9 1. 5 1. 4 Table2 - Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains.Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 2 1. 6 1. 3 1. 1 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 2. 7 2. 5 2. 4 2. 2 S. aureus 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 2 1. 8 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 4 1. 7 1. 5 1. 2 Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. oli. 0. 0 2. 8 2. 4 2. 3 1. 7 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 2 2. 7 2. 3 1. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 9 2. 5 2. 0 1. 6 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 5 1. 9 1. 7 1. 4 In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. Some honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by concentrated without dilution.Through the analysis of average values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to infer a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test.Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was strong shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. The results also showed that lower concentration of honey made through dilution shows less antimicrobial activity than concentrated ones. Thus honey are definitely effective against the bacterial strains at all concentrations. 6) REFERENCES Bibi S, Husain SZ, Malik RN (2008). Pollen analysis and heavy metals detection in honey samples from seven selected countries. Pak. J. Bot. 40(2) 507-516 * Cooper R. A. , Molan P. C. , Harding K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, J. R. Soc. Med. 92, 283285. * Cooper R. How does honey heal wounds? In Munn P, Jones R,editors. Honey and Healing. UK International Bee Research Association 2001. * de Jong H. J. 1999) The arena of Corn and HoneyThe keeping of stingless bees (meliponiculture) in the ethno-ecological environment of Yucatan (Mexico) and El Salvador, Utrecht UniversityPress, Netherlands, 423 p. * Kamal A, Raza A, Rashid N, Hammed TG, Lami M, Gureshin M A,Nasim K (2002). 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