In Discipline and Punish, Michel Foucault analyzes the emergence of disciplinary practices

In flying field & penalise, Michel Foucault analyzes the emersion of disciplinary pr put to workices, as they argon soundless in ultramodern directs, militaries, and prison houses. Foucault understands the manifestations of modern watchs in terms of a power-knowledge relationship. In Discipline & Punish he irritates a remove in his method of thinking just about power-knowledge relations in using a genealogic method. The basic premise of the genealogical approach is that shifts of power in ordination alter the focussing knowledge is organize in society.Foucaults specific focus in the genealogical framework testament be on the interrelation of non-discursive pr make a motionices ( look into of bodies) and discursive practices (bodies of knowledge). In focusing on bodies of knowledge and the overbearing of bodies Foucault shows how the greatest difference in the contemporary construct along with of disciplines and the Classical get on is that juvenile society is eng ulfed in disciplinary practices. Foucault believes that in that respect is a misunderstanding by scholars when poring over the history of discipline and revengement in the West.The misunderstanding is thinking that on that point is a progress in the delegacy we call criminals, or deviants, in comp atomic number 18d with the mannequins of punishment use in the Classical come on. In beau monde to view this misunderstanding Foucault begins Discipline & Punish with a horrific suit of averageal torture that was common coif treatment of a criminal in the Classical develop, which presently provokes the reader to feel that the fresh board has accomplished definite progress.However, Foucault claims that progress from a humanistic perspective in relation to unexampled discipline and punishment would non be entire but, progress in be fitting to perform punishment with the same long suit of the Classical Age and not get the negative reaction that people had towards the op en torture is a more accurate picture. Foucault claims that juvenile societies aim has been not to punish less, but to punish better. The best bewilder of laboured better has interpreted come in the unexampled prison.In the Prison the raw Age changed its aims in punishing the criminal and these aims pack carried over into the legion(predicate) disciplines of society. Foucault defines some of those differences in young discipline practices that culminate in the prison, but are unlimited in their r all(prenominal) upon society. The starting signal difference is the object of swear is no all-night focused on the mind, but is more concerned with the dead body. An example of this is the immense apparatus of the advanced(a) Prison that maintains a cell for each inmate to be placed.The Modern Prison is obsessed with the position of the body, rather than the earlier disciplinary techniques in which the fore most(prenominal) concern was unmatcheds ideas. This modern irresis tible impulse with defyling the body in the Modern Prison is also present in the military apparatus. For example, the barracks or bases are develop to locate the troops in a specific location and keep them from combine with the outside population. The earlier days when ace was called from his house to go out to action is eradicated by making soldiers subject to a specific location.The second area of victimisation in Modern disciplinary practices is the reserve of point in times of specific bodily movements. The control of exposit of specific bodily movements is most clearly exemplified in the example of the Panopticon that Foucault gives in Discipline & Punish. One of the main characteristics of the Panopticon was to be able to constantly supervise the movements of each captive. The goal was to supervise the pris peerlessr, while not deed overing the prisoner to see the supervisor.This resulted in the prisoner constantly creation aware of each little movement he make bec ause there was always the possibility of being watched. The spread of the form of control of detail into other disciplinary institutions is easily seen in the school when teachers become concerned with the way in which theyre learners write or their coach in the classroom. The schoolmaster is no longer as concerned with the fact that the student stinkpot read and write, as he is with the way in which the pupils perform their task.The trio object of focus by modern disciplines that Foucault suggests is new in the Modern Age is the concern with the process of outpution rather than just the product itself. The goal in the trio weapon is to exercise control over the complete production of an act instead of just the result of the act. The Modern Prison exemplifies this when it keeps a record of the prisoners movements or affect. The fact that the prisoner does not uncover the rules is secondary too the way he goes about not breaking the rules. The control of processes is easily s een in the Modern economy.The Modern wage laborer is prescribed a code of ethics, timetable, and a contract. All of the afterwards are mechanisms that concern the production of the product rather than the product itself. It does not progeny if one is able to produce a product if does not fit at heart the proscribed process. The result of the control of the body, the details of bodily movements, and the process of production is the aristocratic body. In lay to achieve the component part of rendering the docile body the Modern Age has developed distinctive mechanisms.The frontmost of the mechanisms that Foucault mentions that are put in place to achieve a docile body is the Hierarchal utterances. Foucault locates the model of this method in the Benthams Panopticon. The Panopticon has a tower to be regain in the middle of transparent cells, which form around the tower itself. The supervisor is to be able to see any prisoner at any time without the prisoner being aware that t hey are being watched. Foucault claims this gives the body a specific place of subjection and makes the prisoner constantly aware of there position.The Panopticon represents a change from the Classical Age of placing prisoners in dark dungeons and makes use of the brightness level of a constant gaze. The hospital is an example of how the mechanism of the Hierarchal Observation spreads from the prison model into other social spaces. Foucault dialogue about the care that went into the new computer architecture of the hospital that allowed for the diligents to be easily viewed, it unconnected them from other patients, and had a separate ventilating system system that was organized for each patient to avoid the spread of germs.The hospital was no longer the overseer of death, but a whole apparatus of therapeutic mechanisms. In both(prenominal) the Modern Prison and the hospital, the body and its movements became the sharpen rather than the mind. The mechanism of Hierarchal Obser vation lays the grounding for Normalizing sagacity, which is another distinctive mechanism of the Modern Age. The mechanism of Normalizing Judgment is to be able to focus in on the errors of a addicted behavior in order to reform the behavior. The process of Normalizing Judgment allows for codes to be conventional that can be placed next to the Law and Tradition.The issuance of Normalizing Judgment could be seen in the Modern Prison when the prisoners are subjected to a smashed schedule of prayer, exercise, and education. The prisoner was to stay inside the norms or be judged. The Classical Age was concerned with revenge of the victim, whereas the Modern Age is concerned specifically with the criminal as a deviant or irregular person. Foucault recognizes the spread of Normalizing Judgment in the enhance of the standardized education. Examples of standardized education would be medical schools or law schools.These schools established the general norms of health and law. Thus, if someone deviates from the norm they subject themselves to space where it is appropriate for one to visit the psychologist to get help and on to the many other possible social reformer mechanism. The mechanism of Normalizing Judgment enables the framework for the third mechanism, the interrogation, to be developed. The Examination is a typeface of combination of the latter two mechanisms into what Foucault calls the blueprintizing gaze. This can be seen in the prison as when the prisoner is aware of being tangible and the norms simultaneously.It is as if one knows how they should act and that they will be constantly held accountable by observation. The school examination is a moreover elaboration of this technique used in the prison. The student is constantly checked to make sure they are in order with the norm by a scripted or oral examination. The hold up of the school examination provides the exact same function of the prison examination, but in a new social space. The m echanisms of the Hierarchal Observation, Normalizing Judgment, and Examination ensure that the docile body is achieved.The mechanisms of docility are present throughout the entire family of society. Although the Modern disciplinary practices developed in the isolated space of the prison they have spread throughout society into schools, hospitals, factories, courts, and confused other spaces. These disciplinary practiced do not just locate the normal form of behavior, but also act as a positive press of knowledge. The mechanisms achieve the docile body that allow for the coding of the individual of any given knowledge.A clue to just how big disciplinary practices are in the Modern Age is the disappearance of the outlaw, which is now taken up with the deviant. on that point is no way to get outside the law, but one cadaver in a deviant form that is located within the disciplinary space. There is no escaping the mechanisms of power throughout society, as mechanisms of power-know ledge will continue to flourish in many different transformations. However, by not mistaking these transformations as necessary for progress and acquire the mechanism to operate in your favor, one can achieve real progress.