Psychological Perspectives of Understanding Essay

IntroductionThis booklet will introduce you to the main mental places to the agreement of a claws behavior training. Each locating will be described in as much concomitant as possible, and the theorist that argon linked to them. The main sights ar* Psychodynamic* Freud* behavioristic* Skinner* Cognitive* Piget* Humanist* Rogers, Maslow, Cooley and mead* Social learningThe psychodynamic perspectiveThis perspective is very much establish on the early work of Sigmund Freud. It is believed that demeanor is made from a tikes subconscious pure tones, which all commence let on from life experiences. It is viewed as a chelas problem as an outward and visible symptom of invisible conflicts. All the conflicts may summon from trauma, loss, or from a strained/troubled relationship with p arnts or cargonrs. Children do not subscribe whatever inner resources that help them understand their feelings altogether so they may be shown in inappropriate and uncorrect up to(p) beha vior. Sigmund Freud say that when a childs withal painful or too difficult feelings are left untalked about, they leak out in difficult and challenging doings or in neurotic symptoms.The source of a painful feeling is buried under a defensive apparatus that is very hard to find in a child becaexercising of this closely children do not understand why they are behaving this way. A psychodynamic assessments are always carried out by psychiatrist as they give techniques that are designed to provide an insight into their past.To do this they use the response of the child to make inferences about sub-conscious motives for behaviour. Once they have understood the childs behaviour the psychologists will start an intervention which will help the child express their feelings instead of it coming through and through their behaviour. These fire be through through the following* Build a supportive relationship with a significant adult * Help the child to talk about what they are feeling i n an secure environment* Express painful feeling through drama, storytelling, play or cartoons The behaviourist perspectiveThis perspective is based from the work Skinner. It was said Law of Effect is the behaviour that leads to streng and thened behaviour which is ignored or unsatisfying which is all weakened. Behaviourists claim that all behaviour of children are learned and can be changed by systems, such as rewards or punishment. thither are ii types of rewards behaviourists use, these are informal and formal.* folksy acknowledgement or praise* Formal clear targets for use stickers, tokens or points which all then lead to bigger rewards. The behaviourists also claimed that the behaviour requires a scientific approach which is completely based on objectivity and experimentation. The methods they were use were considered to be unscientific, so instead it was all placed on observations on their behaviour rather than a searches for the cause of the behaviour through the childs past. Behavioural assessments in schools involve observation and recording of a childs behaviour. When they are observing it is all taken chain reactor on an observation checklist, which includes the following titles* Antecedent* Behaviour* ConsequencesAll this is then used to form a baseline for a post-intervention can be assessed.The Cognitive perspectiveThis perspective shows how a childs develops intelligence what is around them. This refers to variant mental activities such as* Listening* utterance* Learning* UnderstandingAll the theories of cognitive festering concentrate on maturements oftheir intellectual skills. All the skills that we have are the ones that have been learnt through cognitive development. If none of the children have cognitive skills then they wouldnt be able to put past experiences or plan future events, cognitive development is very much concerned with how the mental processes work and develop. at that place were two psychologists who studied cognit ive development, there name was Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who looked at a childs developing their reasoning skills.Piaget carried out detailed observations of them and as his work started taking shape on how our understanding a childs intellectual skills and as a terminus of this he has made changes in education. Piaget understood that cognitive developments occurred in spirit levels, his enquiry concentrated on how children learn and start to gain an understanding of their stage of development to be able to learn new concepts. He determine a four-stage process of cognitive development all the way through childhood. He stated that every child would go through severally stage but not at the same time, but he also said that some children would sometimes never reach the subsequent stages. The four stages are* Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)* Children at very puppylike ages start to learn by their own activity and movement. Everything babies touc h or see they put into their mouths or hold them tight and they examine them closely. A child develops an understanding through something called schema. Schema is a mental formulation which contains all the information a child has about a get outicular aspect of the world.* Pre- operational stage (2-7 years)* At this stage children start to show severalise of speculateing but its not logical thinking, they are not able to perform mental trading operations. Children will start to use emblematical behaviour such as pretend play, language and drawings.* Concrete operations stage (7-11 years)* At this stage children are able to understand any ideas in a much more logical way but they sometimes still find it hard to understand concepts.* Formal operational stage (age 12 to adult)* At this stage children are able to think in a way which is more abstract and logical way, they can use reasoning skills they are applying a general principle to a particular situation. Children are more flexible in the way they think. There are two mess who have been highly interested in cognitive styles of therapy.Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck has used methods of cognitive behavioural therapy to treat many raft who have or are suicidal, depressed or may have personality disorders. Whereas Albert Ellis looked at the different ways to change their behaviour my use methods of Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy, he used this to show his patients that their feelings were results of different habits by conditioning rather than being realistic. Therapists that use this approach use training and role-play techniques to modify their behaviour.The humanist perspectiveThis perspective makes positive aspects of development and growth, this emphasises a persons unique experiences to a personal thoughts. There are four psychologists that are specialised in this perspective, these four are* Carl Rogers* Rogers developed the concept on self-esteem. According to him everyone has an idea of what someones ideal self should be. He believed that if your image of your self is the same as your ideal self then you have good self-esteem. Rogers said that the development of self-esteem all depends on positive regard from others, the effect of a childs self-esteem will come from their parents unconditional bask and affection. Children will start to cope with different situations as they get older, for example a sense of achievement or failure in each sports or their educational skills. Rogers also considered cultural factors, gender and physical attributes to come to his conclusion.* Abraham Maslow* Maslows possibleness is based on souls that are being motivated through seeking to develop through five levels of need. The most staple fibre needs are physiological which are survival instinct, which is then followed by safety needs, belonging and loving needs, self-esteem needs and at the very top is personals achievements and growth.* Cooley* Cooley proposed looking glass theory, which means that the behaviour from children to others acts like a looking glass which gives us a reflection of ourselves. It raises peoples self-esteem.* Mead* Mead had the view that everyone has two aspects I and me. This means that I is the companionable responses of individual and me being the responses and attitudes of others. It was important of the communication with others for the development of self-esteem.The Social learning perspectiveSocial psychology looks at aspects of development such as behaviour such as being in a group, leadership, non-verbal behaviour and aggression. The social perspective looks at the environment, interactions with others that have influenced the childs behaviour and attitudes. Bandura theory emphasises on the environment and the social steps of learning. His view is that it would be part of a childs self development, is what they have observed and imitated from people around them.