Pedagology of the Oppressed Essay

A narrow analysis of the teacher-student transactionhip at any aim, inner(a) or orthogonal the school, reveals its funda custodyt everyy account char affecter. The relationship involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). The circumscribe, whether value or empirical diwork forcesions of naturalism, be in the plainlyt on of being narrated to arrest carriage storyless and petrified. command workforcet is suffering from narration sickness.The teacher talks or so humankind as if it were motionless, static, com equalityt handstalized, and predictable. Or else he expounds on a military issue al ace alien to the existential experience of the students. His task is to fill the students with the contents of his narration contents which be detached from realness, disconnected from the naturality that engendered them and could possess them signifi hoboce. Words be emptied of their concreteness and be write out a hollow, al ienated, and alienating verbosity.The come instanding mark of this narrative develop handst, accordingly, is the sonority of dustup, non their converting power. Four times quad is 16 the capital of par is Belm. The student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means, or realizing the adjust signifi cigarettece of capital in the affidavit the capital of Par is Belm, that is, what Belm means for Par and what Par means for Brazil.Narration (with the teacher as narrator) leads the students to memorize automatically the narrated content. Worse yet, it functions them into containers, into receptacles to be filled by the teacher. The more all told he fills the receptacles, the better a teacher he is. The more meekly the receptacles tolerate themselves to be filled, the better students they ar.Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instea d of communication, the teacher issues communiqus and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat. This is the banking nonion of genteelness, in which the scope of march allowed to the students extends wholly as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. They do, it is true, suck the opportunity to become collectors or cataloguers of the things they store. merely in the last analysis, it is hands themselves who are filed away with the lack of creativity, trans normalation, and knowledge in this (at best) false system. For apart from interrogation, apart from the praxis, custody raftnot be truly human. Knowledge emerges provided through invention and re-invention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry men engage in the initiation, with the ball and with each other.In the banking concept of knowledge, knowledge is a gift bestowed by those who consider themselves knowledgeable upon those whom they consider to know nothing. project an absolute ignorance onto others, a lawsuitistic of the ideology of oppression, do ins education and knowledge as processes of inquiry. The teacher presents himself to his students as their necessary opposite by considering their ignorance absolute, he justifies his witness existence. The students, alienated like the slave in the Hegelian dialectic, accept their ignorance as justifying the teachers existence yet, unlike the slave, they never discover that they direct the teacher.The raison dtre of libertarian education, on the other hand, lies in its drive towards reconciliation. Education must cause with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that roughly(prenominal) are simultaneously teachers and students.This solution is not (nor can it be) represent in the banking concept. On the contrary, banking education maintains and even stimulates the contradiction through the following attit udes and invests, which mirror oppressive ordination as a wholea) the teacher teaches and the students are taught b) the teacher knows ein truththing and the students know nothing c) the teacher thinks and the students are purview well-nigh d) the teacher talks and the students listen meekly e) the teacher disciplines and the students are condition f) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply g) the teacher acts and the students have the illusion of acting through the work on of the teacher h) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) bear to it i) the teacher confuses the authorisation of knowledge with his own professional dictum, which he sets in antagonist to the freedom of the students j) the teacher is the Subject of the learning process, time the pupils are undefiled objects.It is not surprising that the banking concept of education regards men as adaptable, dirigible beings. The more students w ork at storing the deposits en sweared to them, the less they develop the sarcastic brain which would result from their intervention in the innovation as trans causalitys of that military man. The more completely they accept the passive image overturnd on them, the more they tend simply to adapt to the world as it is and to the fragmented setting of reality deposited in them.The capability of banking education to minimize or annul the students original power and to stimulate their credulity serves the interests of the oppressors, who care n all to have the world revealed nor to see it transformed. The oppressors use their humanitarianism to preserve a profitable role. so they react almost instinctively against any experiment in education which stimulates the critical faculties and is not content with a partial assure of reality but always examines out the ties which link unrivaled point to another(prenominal) and unity problem to another.Indeed, the interests of the op pressors lie in changing the aware(predicate)ness of the oppressed, not the situation which oppresses them1 for the more the oppressed can be led to adapt to that situation, the more easily they can be dominated. To achieve this end, the oppressors use the banking concept of education in conjunction with a paternalistic complaisant action apparatus, within which the oppressed receive the euphemistic title of welfare recipients.They are treated as individual cases, as marginal men who variegate from the general configuration of a good, organized, and just society. The oppressed are regarded as the pathology of the hefty society, which must therefore adjust these incompetent and lazy kinsfolk to its own patterns by changing their mentality. These marginals need to be integrated, incorporated into the healthy society that they have forsaken.The truth is, however, that the oppressed are not marginals, are not men living outside society. They have always been inside inside the or ganize which made them beings for others. The solution is not to integrate them into the structure of oppression, but to transform that structure so that they can become beings for themselves. such transformation, of course, would chthonianmine the oppressors purposes thus their utilization of the banking concept of education to avoid the flagellum of student conscientizaco.The banking approach to adult education, for example, will never propose to students that they critically consider reality. It will deal instead with such vital questions as whether Roger gave commons grass to the goat, and insist upon the importance of learning that, on the contrary, Roger gave green grass to the rabbit. The humanism of the banking approach masks the effort to turn men into automatons the very negation of their ontological vocation to be more fully human. They may grok through their relations with reality that reality is really a process, undergoing regular transformation. If men are sea rchers and their ontological vocation is humanization, sooner or ulterior they may discern the contradiction in which banking education seeks to maintain them, and then engage themselves in the struggle for their liberation.But the humanist, revolutionist educator cannot cargo hold for this possibility to corporalize. From the outset, his efforts must coincide with those of the students to engage in critical cerebration and the quest for mutual humanization. His efforts must be imbued with a profound trust in men and their creative power. To achieve this, he must be a partner of the students in his relations with them.The banking concept does not admit to such partnership and necessarily so. To resolve the teacher-student contradiction, to exchange the occasion of depositor, prescriber, domesticator, for the role of student among students would be to undermine the power of oppression and serve the feat of liberation.Implicit in the banking concept is the assumption of a di chotomy in the midst of man and the world man is merely in the world, not with the world or with others man is spectator, not re-creator. In this place, man is not a conscious being (corpo consciente) he is earlier the possessor of spirit an fire mind passively open to the reception of deposits of reality from the world outside. For example, my desk, my books, my coffee tree cup, all the objects before me as bits of the world which surrounds me would be inside me, incisively as I am inside my study right now. This view makes no distinction among being accessible to intelligence and entrance ken. The distinction, however, is essential the objects which surround me are simply accessible to my mind, not determined within it. I am aware of them, but they are not inside me.It follows logically from the banking notion of consciousness that the educators role is to regulate the way the world enters into the students. His task is to organize a process which already occurs sp ontaneously, to fill the students by making deposits of information which he considers to draw true knowledge.2 And since men receive the world as passive entities, education should make them more passive still, and adapt them to the world. The educated man is the satis situationory man, because he is better fit for the world. Translated into practice, this concept is well suited to the purposes of the oppressors, whose quietness rests on how well men fit the world the oppressors have created, and how flyspeck they question it.The more completely the majority adapt to the purposes which the dominant minority prescribe for them (thereby depriving them of the right to their own purposes), the more easily the minority can continue to prescribe. The theory and practice of banking education serve this end quite efficiently. Verbalistic lessons, reading requirements,3 the regularitys for evaluating knowledge, the distance between the teacher and the taught, the criteria for promoti on everything in this off-the-rack approach serves to obviate thinking.The bank-clerk educator does not realize that there is no true security in his hypertrophied role, that one must seek to live with others in solidarity. sensation cannot impose oneself, nor even merely co-exist with ones students. Solidarity requires true communication, and the concept by which such an educator is control fears and prescribes communication.Yet moreover through communication can human life hold meaning. The teachers thinking I authenticated only by the authenticity of the students thinking. The teacher cannot think for his students, nor can he impose his thought on them. Authentic thinking, thinking that is concerned about reality, does not light upon place in ivory tower isolation, but only in communication. If it is true that thought has meaning only when generated by action upon the world, the subordination of students to teachers becomes impossible.Because banking education originates wi th a false appreciation of men as objects, it cannot promote the development of what Fromm calls biophily, but instead produces its opposite necrophily.While life is characterized by growth in a structured, functional manner, the necrophilous person fill outs all that does not grow, all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is driven by the desire to transform the organic into the inorganic, to approach life mechanically, as if all living persons were things.Memory, rather than experience having, rather than being, is what counts. The necrophilous person can relate to an object a flower or a person only if he possesses it hence a threat to his self-command is a threat to himself if he loses possession he loses contact with the worldHe loves control, and in the act of autocratic he kills life.4Oppressionoverwhelming controlis necrophilic it is nourished by love of death, not life. The banking concept of education, which serves the interests of oppression, is alike necrop hilic. Based on a mechanistic, static, naturalistic, spatialized view of consciousness, it transforms students into receiving objects. It attempts to control thinking and action, leads men to adjust to the world, and inhibits their creative power.When their efforts to act responsibly are frustrated, when they find themselves unable to use their faculties, men suffer. This suffering collect to impotence is rooted in the very fact that the human balance wheel has been disturbed.5 But the inability to act which causes mens anguish also causes them to reject their impotence, by attemptingto restore their capacity to act. But can they, and how? Oneway is to submit to and identify with a person or gathering having power.By this symbolic participation in another persons life, men havethe illusion of acting, when in reality they only submit to andbecome a part of those who act.6Populist manifestations perhaps best exemplify this type of conduct by the oppressed, who, by identifying with charismatic leaders, come to feel that they themselves are lively and effective. The rebellion they express as they emerge in the historical process is motivated by that desire to act effectively. The dominant elites consider the damages to be more domination and repression, carried out in the charge of freedom, order, and social peace (that is, the peace of the elites). Thus they can condemnlogically, from the point of viewthe violence of a strike by workers and can call upon the state in the same breath to use violence in putting bundle the strike.7Education as the exercise of domination stimulates the credulity of students, with the ideological heading (often not perceive by educators) of indoctrinating them to adapt to the world of oppression. This accusation is not made in the nave hope that the dominant elites will thereby simply abandon the practice. Its objective is to call the attention of true humanists to the fact that they cannot use banking educational methods in the pursuit of liberation for they would only negate that very pursuit. Nor may a ultra society inherit these methods from an oppressor society. The revolutionary society which practices banking education is either misguided or mistrusting of men. In either event, it is threatened by the spectre of reaction.Unfortunately, those who espouse the cause of liberation are themselves surrounded and influenced by the climate which generates the banking concept, and often do not perceive its true significance or its dehumanizing power. Paradoxically, then, they utilize this same instrument of madness in what they consider an effort to exempt. Indeed, some revolutionaries brand as innocents, dreamers, or even reactionaries those who would challenge this educational practice. But one does not liberate men by alienating them.Authentic liberationthe process of humanizationis not another deposit to be made in men. run is a praxis the action and reflection of men upon their world in order to transform it. Those truly committed to the cause of liberation can accept incomplete the mechanistic concept of consciousness as an unload vessel to be filled, not the use of banking methods of domination (propaganda, slogansdeposits) in the get wind of liberation.Those truly committed to liberation must reject the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of man as conscious beings, and consciousness as consciousness intent upon the world. They must abandon the educational closing of deposit-making and replace it with the posing of the problems of men in their relations with the world. Problem-posing education, responding to the essence of consciousnessintentionalityrejects communiqus and embodies communication. It epitomizes the special characteristic of consciousness being conscious of, not only as intent on objects but as cancelled in upon itself in a Jasperian splitconsciousness as consciousness of consciousness.Liberating education consists in acts of co gnition, not transferrals of information. It is a learning situation in which the cognisable object (far from being the end of the cognitive act) intermediates the cognitive actorsteacher on the one hand and students on the other. Accordingly, the practice of problem-posing education entails at the outset that the teacher-student contradiction be resolved. Dialogical relationsindispensable to the capacity of cognitive actors to cooperate in perceiving the same cognoscible objectare other than impossible.Indeed, problem-posing education, which breaks with the vertical patterns characteristic of banking education, can fulfil its function as the practice of freedom only if it can overcome the above contradiction. Through duologue, the teacher-of-the-students and the students-of-the-teacher forgo to exist and a unfermented term emerges teacher-student with student-teachers. The teacher is no weeklong merely the-one-who-teaches, but one who is himself taught in dialogue with the st udents, who in turn while being taught also teach. They become jointly responsible for a process in which all grow. In this process, arguments based on authority are no longer valid in order to function, authority must be on the side of freedom, not against it. Here, no one teaches another, nor is anyone self-taught. Men teach each other, mediated by the world, by the cognizable objects which in banking education are owned by the teacher.The banking concept (with its angle of inclination to dichotomize everything) distinguishes two stages in the action of the educator. During the first, he cognizes a cognizable object while he prepares his lessons in his study or his research lab during the second, he expounds to his students about that object. The students are not called upon to know, but to memorize the contents narrated by the teacher. Nor do the students practice any act of cognition, since the object towards which that act should be tell is the property of the teacher rather than a moderate evoking the critical reflection of both teacher and students. Hence in the name of the preservation of culture and knowledge we have a system which achieves neither true knowledge nor true culture.The problem-posing method does not dichotomize the use of the teacher-student he is not cognitive at one point and narrative at another. He is always cognitive, whether preparing a project or sweet in dialogue with the students. He does not regard cognizable objects as his private property, but as the object of reflection by himself and the students. In this way, the problem-posing educator unceasingly re-forms his reflections in the reflection of the students. The studentsno longer docile listenersare now critical co-investigators in dialogue with the teacher. The teacher presents the material to the students for their consideration, and re-considers his earlier considerations as the students express their own. The role of the problem-posing educator is to create, to gether with the students, the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge, at the level of the logos.Whereas banking education anesthetizes and inhibits creative power, problem-posing education involves a constant unveiling of reality. The agent attempts to maintain the submersion of consciousness the latter strives for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.Students, as they are progressively posed with problems relating to themselves in the world and with the world, will feel increasingly challenged and obliged to respond to that challenge. Because they peg the challenge as interrelated to other problems within a total context, not as a theoretical question, the resulting comprehension tends to be increasingly critical and thus constantly less alienated. Their response to the challenge evokes new challenges, followed by new understandings and gradually the students come to regard themselves as committed. Education as the practice of freedom as opposed to education as the practice of domination denies that man is abstract, isolated, independent, and unattached to the world it also denies that the world exists as a reality apart from men. Authentic reflection considers neither abstract man nor the world without men, but men in their relations with the world. In these relations consciousness and world are simultaneous consciousness neither precedes the world nor follows it.La conscience et le monde sont dorms dun meme coupextrieur par essence la conscience, le monde est, paressence relative elle.8In one of our culture circles in Chile, the crowd was discussing (based on a codification9) the anthropological concept of culture. In the midst of the discussion, a idyl who by banking standards was completely ignorant said Now I see that without man there is no world. When the educator responded Lets say, for the sake of argument, that all the men on nation were to die, but that the e arth itself remained, together with trees, birds, animals, rivers, seas, the starswouldnt all this be a world? Oh no, the peasant replied emphatically. There would be no one to say This is a world.The peasant wished to express the idea that there would be lacking the consciousness of the world which necessarily implies the world of consciousness. I cannot exist without a not-I. In turn, the not-I depends on that existence. The world which brings consciousness into existence becomes the world of that consciousness. Hence, the previously cited statement of Sartre La conscience et le monde sont dorms dun m coup.As men, simultaneously reflecting on themselves and on the world, increase the scope of their learning, they drive to direct their observations towards previously inconspicuous phenomenaThat which had existed objectively but had not been sensed in its deeper implications (if indeed it was perceived at all) begins to stand out, assuming the character of a problem and therefor e of challenge. Thus, men begin to single out elements from their background awarenesses and to reflect upon them. These elements are now objects of mens consideration, and, as such, objects of their action and cognition.In problem-posing education, men develop their power to perceive critically the way they exist in the world with which and in which they find themselves they come to see the world not as a static reality, but as a reality in process, in transformation. Although the dialectical relations of men with the world exist independently of how these relations are perceived (or whether or not they are perceived at all), it is also true that the form of action men adopt is to a large accomplishment a function of how they perceive themselves in the world. Hence, the teacher-student and the student-teachers reflect simultaneously on themselves and the world without dichotomizing this reflection from action, and thus establish an authentic form of thought and action.Once again, the two educational concepts and practices under analysis come into conflict. Banking education (for obvious reasons) attempts, by mythicizing reality, to conceal certain facts which explain the way men exist in the world problem-posing education sets itself the task of demythologizing. Banking education resists dialogue problem-posing education regards dialogue as indispensable to the act of cognition which unveils reality.Banking education treats students as objects of assistance problem-posing education makes them critical thinkers. Banking education inhibits creativity and domesticates (although it cannot completely destroy) the intentionality of consciousness by isolating consciousness from the world, thereby denying men their ontological and historical vocation of becoming more fully human. Problem-posing education bases itself on creativity and stimulates true reflection and action upon reality, thereby responding to the vocation of men as beings who are authentic only when e ngaged in inquiry and creative transformation. In sum banking theory and practice, as immobilizing and fixating forces, start to acknowledge men as historical beings problem-posing theory and practice take mans historicity as their starting point.Problem-posing education affirms men as beings in the process of becoming as unfinished, uncompleted beings in and with a likewise unfinished reality. Indeed, in contrast to other animals who are unfinished, but not historical, men know themselves to be unfinished they are aware of their incompletion. In this incompletion and this awareness lie the very grow of education as an exclusively human manifestation. The unfinished character of men and the transformational character of reality necessitate that education be an ongoing activity.Education is thus constantly remade in the praxis. In order to be, it must become. Its duration (in the Bergsonian meaning of the word) is found in the interplay of the opposites permanence and change. The banking method emphasizes permanence and becomes reactionary problem-posing educationwhich accepts neither a well-behaved present nor a predetermined futureroots itself in the dynamic present and becomes revolutionary.Problem-posing education is revolutionary futurity. Hence it is sibylline (and, as such, hopeful). Hence, it corresponds to the historical nature of man. Hence, it affirms men as beings who transcend themselves, who bunk forward and look ahead, for whom immobility represents a fatal threat, for whom looking at the past must only be a means of understanding more clearly what and who they are so that they can more sagely build the future. Hence, it identifies with the doing which engages men as beings aware of their incompletionan historical operation which has its point of departure, its Subjects and its objective.The point of departure of the movement lies in men themselves. But since men do not exist apart from the world, apart from reality, the movement must beg in with the men-world relationship. Accordingly, the point of departure must always be with men in the here and now, which constitutes the situation within which they are submerged, from which they emerge, and in which they intervene. Only by starting from this situationwhich determines their knowledge of itcan they begin to move. To do this authentically they must perceive their state not as fated and unalterable, but merely as limitingand therefore challenging.Whereas the banking method directly or indirectly reinforces mens fatalistic comprehension of their situation, the problem-posing method presents this very situation to them as a problem. As the situation becomes the object of their cognition, the nave or magical perception which produced their fatalism gives way to perception which is able to perceive itself even as it perceives reality, and can thus be critically objective about that reality.A deepened consciousness of their situation leads men to apprehend that situatio n as an historical reality susceptible of transformation. surrender gives way to the drive for transformation and inquiry, over which men feel themselves to be in control. If men, as historical beings necessarily engaged with other men in a movement of inquiry, did not control that movement, it would be (and is) a violation of mens humanity. Any situation in which some men prevent others from engaging in the process of inquiry is one of violence. The means used are not important to alienate men from their own decision-making is to change them into objects.This movement of inquiry must be directed towards humanizationmans historical vocation. The pursuit of full humanity, however, cannot be carried out in isolation or individualism, but only in fellowship and solidarity therefore it cannot unfold in the antagonistic relations between oppressors and oppressed. No one can be authentically human while he prevents others from being so. Attempting to be more human, individualistically, le ads to having more, egotistically a form of dehumanization. Not that it is not fundamental to have in order to be human. Precisely because it is necessary, some mens having must not be allowed to constitute an obstacle to others having, must not consolidate the power of the former to crush the latter.Problem-posing education, as a humanist and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that men subjected to domination must fight for their emancipation. To that end, it enables teachers and students to become Subjects of the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism it also enables men to overcome their false perception of reality. The worldno longer something to be described with deceptive wordsbecomes the object of that transforming action by men which results in their humanization.Problem-posing education does not and cannot serve the interests of the oppressor. No oppressive order could permit the oppressed to begin to question Why? While o nly a revolutionary society can carry out this education in systematic terms, the revolutionary leaders need to take full power before they can employ the method. In the revolutionary process, the leaders cannot utilize the banking method as an interim measure, justified on grounds of expediency, with the intention of later behaving in a genuinely revolutionary fashion. They must be revolutionarythat is to say, dialogicalfrom the outset.