Innovation at apple Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Innovation at apple - Coursework Example We chose a different path. Our belief was that if we kept putting great products in front of customers, they would continue to open their wallets† Steve Jobs 1. Introduction: Several companies today are caught up in a relentless pursuit of innovation and intentional development of novel ideas, products and services in a bid to capture the imagination of their target consumers. The role of innovation in organizational development and its contribution in organizational success have been amply substantiated in literature, over the years. Organizational ambidexterity has emerged as one of the most influential concepts in recent times whereby highly creative and innovation driven organizations have proven their might in the market by not only sustaining their competitive advantage over their rival firms, but by leading the industry as well. Apple Inc. is one such example which has managed to successfully evade the competition by constant innovation and research and capturing a relat ively larger market share through sheer creativity. The above quote aptly mirrors the collective sentiment at Apple Inc. This essay aims to discuss, analyze, and examine the case of Apple Inc., through various theoretical perspectives and models in a bid to explain the role and influence of technological innovation in organizational development. 2. ... eir initial phase strive to survive in the market by designing their policies in accordance with the present market environment and adapt to their surrounding environment (Hart and Christensen, 2002). This theory helps in assessing and evaluating the various aspects of firm behaviour with regard to technological change and the resultant scope of the firm to survive in a new market (Loasby, 1976; Casson, 2005). Apple was founded by Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976 which was mainly focused on designing a personal computer that was popularly known and sold as Apple I. After the incorporation of Apple as a company in the year 1977 the company grew and shifted its strategy to innovation and creativity as the key drivers to sustain the market competition. This strategy helped Apple Inc in introducing highly innovative products in the market based on latest state-of-the-art technologies that helped them differentiate their products from that of their rivals. (Innovation at Apple , p. 1). The theories of entrepreneurship developed over the years indicate judgemental decision making as a key aspect of entrepreneurial behaviour (Shane, 2003). This theory entails that entrepreneurs at times may differ greatly in terms of their strategies by displaying attitudes that exhibit a high degree of optimism which in turn is based on the critical information available at their disposal as well as their conviction to deliver positive outcomes (Casson, 2005). Steve Jobs inspired the culture of innovation at Apple Inc. and created a highly favourable working environment whereby employees were constantly encouraged to come up with innovative and creative ideas. The key focus of the management was to hire people who displayed high level of motivation and commitment towards the

The Nature, Scope and Methods of Economics Essay Example for Free

The Nature, Scope and Methods of Economics Essay Most introductory textbooks of Economics begin by asking the question ‘What is Economics about? ’ Although Economics is a vast subject and precise definitions are usually complex and controversial, it is not a difficult matter to give a simple and sensible answer to this basic question. Economics is essentially a study of the ways in which people provide for their well-being. Economists are concerned with the study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses’ (Lionel Robbins). Economics can be divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of individual markets. (A market is an arrangement which links buyers and sellers. ) For instance, an economist may study the market for compact discs. This will involve looking at the decisions and behavior of people who buy compact discs, the firms that sell the compact discs and any other groups which influence the price and availability of compact discs, such as the government While macroeconomics is the study of the whole economy. It includes, for example, the study of the nature, causes, consequences of unemployment, inflation, economic growth and international trade and government policy.Economics, both macro- and microeconomics, is about the satisfaction of wants. It is necessary to be quite clear about this; it is people’s wants rather than their needs which provide the motive for economic activity. People go to work in order to obtain an income which will buy them the things they want rather than the things they need. It is not possible to define ‘need’ in terms of any particular quantity of a product, because this would imply that a certain level of consumption is right’ for an individual. Economists tend to avoid this kind of value judgment which tries to specify how much people ought to consume. It is assumed that individuals wish to enjoy as much well-being as possible, and if their consumption of food, clothing, entertainment and other goods and services is less than the amount required to give them complete satisfaction they will want more of them. Resources are scarce when they are insufficient to satisfy people’s wants. Scarcity is a relative concept. It relates the extent of people’s wants to their ability to satisfy those wants. Neither people’s wants nor their ability to produce goods and services are constant. Most countries’ productive potential is increasing but so is the appetite of their citizens for goods and services. When a certain living standard is reached, people strive for even better living conditions. A good example of this is health care. As medical science and technology advances, people expect more ailments to be treated. So scarcity is a feature of all societies from the poorest to the most affluent. CHOICE:- The resources available to satisfy people’s wants are, at anytime, limited in supply. As most people cannot have all the goods and services they want, they have to make choices. With no rise in income, if someone wants to buy, for instance, a new coat they may have to spend less on eating out for a while. Similarly with limited resources, if a country wishes to devote more resources to health care it will have to reduce the resources it devotes to, for example, education. In considering scarcity and choice economists make use of opportunity cost. This is a very important concept in economics. It makes clear the true resource cost of any economic decision. For instance, building a new hospital may mean that the construction of a stretch of motorway has to be postponed. So opportunity cost is the cost in terms of the best alternative forgone. For example, if a person buys a watch it may cost ? 50 but what is more significant is what has to be given up to make the purchase. This may be the opportunity to purchase a pair of shoes or the opportunity to have extra leisure instead of working to earn the. In the case of the vast majority of goods and services, resources have to be used in order to produce them. For example, to provide health care requires the use of labor in the form of doctors and nurses, land on which the hospital is built and capital in the form of beds, operating tables, dialysis machines and other equipment. So the production of most goods and services involves an opportunity cost — the resources employed could be put to other uses. These products are called economic goods. However there are a few goods which do not involve an opportunity cost, for example sea water and sunshine. This is because they do not require resources to produce them — they are in existence naturally. These products are known as free goods.

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The PCR products for each gene were purified using Qiagene purification kit. The T7 RNA polymerase gene was digested with NheI and XhoI. Then, after purification with a gel extraction kit (Qiagene), the DNA fragment of T7 RNA polymerase (in length of 2600Kb) was cloned into pIRES2-EGFP plasmid (clontech) and recombinant vector was called pIRES-T7. The cloning process for N and P genes were similar. The PCR products for each gene was purified and digested with NotI. The NotI site designed in 5’-end of reverse primers, but there was not any restriction enzyme site in forward primers. The forward primers contained a kozak consensus ribosme binding site (AACC) and ATG initiation codon. The pIRES2-EGFP plasmid was digested in a step by step process. First, pIRES2-EGFP was digested with BstxI and then, the digestion product of the plasmid treated by klenow to produce blunt end. Finally, pIRES2-EGFP was digested with NotI. The DNA fragments of N and P genes cloned into pIRES2-EGFP and recombinant vectors were called pIRES-N and pIRES-P, respectively. To produce tricistronic expression vecto...

Genetically Modified Foods Should Be Promoted Essay

Thank you members of the FDA for letting me speak today regarding the morality of genetically modified foods. Different bioengineering, better known as genetically modified, methods have been prevalent in modern society for almost half a century. It has allowed scientists to transfer genes that would have never been able to interbreed in nature but with the help from scientists, can breed as naturally (Harvard Law). The technology that describes this is known as biotechnology. When somebody is asked what are they afraid of, a common response might be, â€Å"I’m deathly afraid of spiders† or â€Å"I’m afraid of heights. I can’t look off the edge†. The response that is never heard is the unknown and I believe that â€Å"the unknown† is something that many people are afraid of. The unknown is simply a scary thing because it is impossible to tell the future. People say that cell phones may cause cancer, but in reality, this will not be known for decades and people surely will not stop talking on them. GMF’s scare people because they don’t know what the future holds. The future holds an agricultural revolution that could never have been predicted and will open many doors that were thought to not have existed. The United States federal government should promote the purchasing of genetically modified foods by the public that can be done by educating the public with the benefits of genetically modified foods In a poll done by ABC regarding the skepticism of genetically modified foods, 52% of people believed them to be dangerous and 13% were unsure about them (Poll). The public should not be so confused regarding the safety of the food that they eat on a daily basis. The majority of all cultivated food has been genetically modified in some way by the time of its production (Harvard Law). This means that the public eats genetically modified food every single day without knowing it. If the public was to be better informed about GM foods then they would support them. The public really does not know so much about the technology surrounding bioengineered food. Biotechnology can be defined as the genetic manipulation of organisms for a common goal, in this case, food. Genetic engineers have successfully been able to introduce methods to be able to combine genes of species by selecting certain genetic material from each organism. This results in a new organism that contains traits of both preceding organism (Harvard Law). A solution to the unawareness of the United States’ public would be to advertise the benefits of genetically modified food. If the public were more educated on the topic of genetically modified foods they would support it because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The government needs to introduce a series of advertisements regarding GM foods. Every man and woman in this country has the ability to vote for who they want, say what they want, write what they want. Although not written in the constitution, all people are also given the right to eat what they want. Whether cheap, expensive, healthy, or unhealthy, we are all given the choice to make those decisions for ourselves. In a poll done by ABC news asking if people would be more inclined to buy genetically modified food, 57% said they’d be more likely to purchase untouched food (Poll). If the federal government were able to make the public more aware of the advantages of genetically modified foods people would be more inclined to buy them and support the industry. As of now, the public chooses non-GM foods over GM foods. They need to be introduced to the positive aspects of bioengineering. If the federal government wants to revolutionize the agricultural industry, consumers need to be in favor of GM foods. If more than half of the consumers said they’d be less likely to purchase GM foods then how can food companies put GM foods on the shelves of super markets knowing that not enough will be sold? Little does the public know, but about 60-70% of processed foods do contain genetically modified ingredients (Web MD). The FDA states that there is no new safety concerns introduced into the food (Harvard Law). The FDA’s purpose is to deem food safe or dangerous and whether or not the public should be eating it. The FDA constantly argues that there are no safety risks when eating GM Foods. The public needs to trust them on this topic just like they do with all other foods. As previously stated, most people are scared of the unknown, and in order to make this industry a well working one, consumers need to be in favor of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is safe. People are eating GM food at every meal and there have been no outbreaks of any diseases related to the introduction of GM food. Genetically modified food is the future. In developed countries, crop yield was increased by 6% and in undeveloped countries; crop yield was increased by 29% (Wikipedia). A very well known example of a genetically modified food is golden rice. It was introduced to the world as a solution to the extremity of morbidity from lack of vitamin A, iodine, iron, and zinc. The lack of these fundamental dietary components is the root cause of disease worldwide. Golden rice offers a solution that contains these lacking components. Many things can be made possible in the future with an increase in support for genetically modified food. If scientists were able to create a gene that could be put into all cultivated crops that would allow them to grow throughout the winter, they could end world hunger. World hunger being solved would mean one of the utmost impossible puzzles has been solved. The two things that most people would likely to fix in this world are world peace and an end to hunger worldwide. No this government can’t solve world peace. Yes this government and others do produce enough food to feed the every human on this planet. However, if enough cheaply grown crops were produced throughout the whole year, governments will be more inclined to try to feed the world. With climate change being a really evident effect from global warming, it is nearly impossible to predict what Mother Nature holds in store for mankind. With the technology available, the United States’ government must issue out more patents for scientists to increase and continue the research surrounding GM foods to make them the food of this world. The government should and would only issue out more patents to scientists if the United States’ consumers would buy GM food and support the industry. This is the sole reason that this federal government needs to make aware the public, of the advantages from GM foods.

My Ambition Essay

My ambition in life has always kept changing frequently, like as a dancer, as an artist, a writer or a doctor since I like biology . But I have realized that by just liking something that is related to it cannot assure someone to become that. Every ambition has so many fields to look through to achieve. One may not be successful in all the related paths but can be in at least a few. But now I feel its time for me to have a particular goal to reach. I don’t want to be focused completely on it but also want to be flexible at the same time. At home my father always dreams of me becoming a scientist like him, for that’s natural. But if anyone asks me now, about my ambition, may be it’s for sure I would like to tell I would become a scientist. This is not because my family wants it or because of their view, it’s because I have seen how life changes with a job like this. I always think of doing something different from others so that I am being recognized and also to do something new and worthy. A scientist lives with all reality. There is nothing better. I would love to work for the country’s development and to retain its prestige. As far as I have seen, I know that a scientist job would do better for me to do this. I don’t want to be just a scientist but also a researcher. A work becomes a research when one does something which is not known to the person doing which brings out wonders. I would like to learn every moment rather to do what others have done. It may be a hard job to do, but I like being complex. I want to work with others view to improve or invent something that is needed by the world. On a daily basis, I see my father’s work as a scientist or as a researcher discovering something that is unusual. Every day becomes a day to solve problems This very much surprises me . It also won’t be wrong to say that his works, deep involvement, seriousness, ect have actually put an impact on me. I would rather say, he has influenced me to carve out my future. I now dream to get into the field of my father and would put in a complete contribution to achieve my goal, by also having a complete support from my family . By becoming a scientist I will not only fulfill my parents dream but also can fulfill my wishes to live in my own way, with my own ideas like a free bird. I also wish to become a role modal to the rest of the world. The value of achievement lies in achieving. But at the same time I remember that it needs lot of work from now, only then can I turn a dream into reality. Sincere hard work always fetches. It may not just be a proud moment for me, but also for my parents and for my country. The will to succeed can overcome greatest adversity. So, my ambition to become a scientist begins or has already begun.

Satellites - fiction essays

Satellites - fiction essays It was around 3:30 when I got the call. The man wouldnt explain why, but I needed to get down to the station. A jet was waiting. At 5:00 I arrived at the station. The room I was escorted into seated about thirty people, and every seat was filled. I recognized some people, but others seemed completely foreign to me. They were introduced as various government officials from countries around the world. Before I had the chance to move, a man rose out of his chair and spoke, Welcome, we brought you here for your expertise in these situations. Situations we have never before come across. I immediately assumed he was talking about the search for alien life. A few companions and I have been searching for any signs of life for almost twenty years. About two days ago we picked up a small radio signal. Our astronomers found an object floating out along the solar system at around 800,000 miles. By tracking the trajectory, we can defiantly rule out one of our satellites. The representatives from other countries with space programs have also denied it being theirs. We only have one possibility left. Our first problem was to decide what to do with the object. After much deliberation, we came to the conclusion to send out a ship to retrieve the satellite. Afterwards, my team and I could study the foreign object. Then the big problem came. Should the public be told about this object? The people did have the right to know, and they would probably find out eventually, but until we could learn more, we wanted to avoid the chance of a mass panic. The meeting ended with the decision not to inform the public; at least not for a while. Two months later, the ship finally returned after successfully capturing the satellite. My team and I would spend the next three years studying and dismantling the satellite, but it was clear from day one what we were dealing with. ...

Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting

Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting Introduction Educational institutes are a vital part of the society since they are responsible for equipping people to be productive society members. Due to the importance with which these institutes are regarded, educators and policy makers are constantly seeking ways to make them even more effective and efficient.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovation and reform efforts have particularly been highlighted as being crucial to the progress of higher education institutes (Billot, 2011). As a result of this, many change initiatives have been developed in the educational system setting. This paper will address the merits and demerits of this many changes and offer insights on how leaders should approach organizational changes. Impacts of Change Initiatives Over the years, many calls for change in higher education have been issued by po licy makers and educators alike. While higher education institutes were traditionally highly resistant to change, the past decade has seen them embrace change initiatives on previously unprecedented levels (Norman Lynn, 2008). While the acceptance of change by higher education institutes has been hailed by many as a good thing, the number of change plans in place has reduced the effectiveness of these efforts. The large number of change plans in place leads to many competing innovations taking place at the same time. Kezar (2009) states that as a result of the number of competing projects that exist in an institution, administrators and staff end up being unaware of many of the initiatives going on in their campuses. This lack of awareness sometimes leads to similar change initiatives being undertaken simultaneously by different individuals which leads to redundancy. When there are a lot of change initiatives within the higher education institute, it is hard for priorities to be se t on which initiative is to be given more attention (Billot, 2011). In addition to this, many change initiatives can result in groups being formed within the campus community with each group advocating for the advancement of its specific interests. These interest groups are detrimental of the campus since they result in strife as well as disunity as the campus is engaged in multiple fragmented efforts. How Leaders Should Approach Organizational Change Leaders should ensure that they have the necessary skills to guide the change initiatives they are advocating. Norman and Lynn (2008) assert that change efforts in higher education are predisposed to fail unless they are carried out in a rigorous, theoretically sound, and professionally reflective manner (p.113). The leaders who promote specific change initiatives should therefore be committed and skilled and base their efforts on a solid understanding of the process of change. Leaders should keep track of the various change initiative s going on in their institutes to as to avoid duplicative efforts. Duplicative programs result in wastage of resources and inefficiencies in the specific initiatives.Advertising Looking for article on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Combining programs which aim to achieve the same goals will result in greater efficiency as well as higher degrees of success as it will result in cooperation to meet the goals of the initiative. Kezar (2009) asserts that if related efforts were joined, there would be greater human and financial resources and reduced infrastructure expenses. In some cases, the high numbers of change initiatives are unavoidable for the institute. Kezar (2009) suggests that in the case where multiple change initiatives are inevitable, the education institute can benefit from generating a list of the changes in priority order. This will have the advantage of ensuring that all the people see that t heir interests are given consideration even if they are to be addressed at some future date. My Insights Leaders should avoid coming up with change initiative projects on their own and then imposing them on the rest of the people. Instead, leaders should seek to get the support of as many members of the campus as is possible for the change initiatives. Norman and Lynn (2008) reveal that innovations or revisions in school programs have had only about 20% success rate due to the lack of support from key players in the school. Another important consideration when implementing change is to increase the input of students. Most changes are proposed due to the realization that the current way of doing things is not the most effective. The changes therefore seek to address problems that may face the students so as to achieve positive outcomes. At the present, while there have been intense endeavors to implement change in campuses, the involvement of students in the initiatives has been lack ing. Mitra (2004) observes that many schools struggle to come up with effective change initiatives but very few seek the solutions from the students who are central to the success of the change process. Conclusion Changes are important if the improvement of student learning and increased research is to be achieved by our higher education institutes. This paper set out to address the challenges that might arise as a result of numerous change initiatives in our campuses. While changes in educational structures and approaches are advantageous, implementing too many changes might have a deleterious effect. This paper has advocated for the reduction of the number of changes as well as getting the support of the entire campus and including student voice in change initiatives. This will result in greater success for the change efforts hence lead to the achievement of an effective learning environment in the higher education setting.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Change Initiatives in Higher Education Setting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Billot, J. (2011). The changing research context: implications for leadership. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33 (1), 37–46. Kezar, A. (2009). Change in Higher Education: Not Enough, or Too Much? Web. Mitra, D. (2004). The significance of students: Can increasing â€Å"student voice† in schools lead to gains in youth development? Teachers College Record, 106(4), 651–688. Norman, E. Lynn, H. (2008). Long-term Strategic Incrementalism: An Approach and a Model for Bringing About Change in Higher Education. Innov High Educ 33(3), 111–124.

The Early History of Flight

The Early History of Flight   Around 400 BC - Flight in China The Chinese’s discovery of a kite that could fly in the air started humans thinking about flying. Kites were used by the Chinese in religious ceremonies. They built many colorful kites for fun, also. More sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions. Kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders. Humans Try to Fly like Birds For many centuries, humans have tried to fly just like the birds and have studied the flight of winged creatures. Wings made of feathers or light weight wood have been attached to arms to test their ability to fly. The results were often disastrous as the muscles of the human arms are not like a birds and cannot move with the strength of a bird. Hero and the Aeolipile The ancient Greek engineer, Hero of Alexandria, worked with air pressure and steam to create sources of power. One experiment that he developed was the aeolipile, which used jets of steam to create rotary motion. To do this, Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate. The importance of the aeolipile is that it marks the start of engine created movement will later prove essential in the history of flight. 1485 Leonardo da Vinci’s Ornithopter and the Study of Flight. Leonardo da Vinci  made the first real studies of flight in the 1480s. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on bird and mechanical flight. The drawings illustrated the wings and tails of birds, ideas for man carrying machines and devices for the testing of wings. His Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. Leonardo da Vincis notebooks on flight were re-examined in the 19th century by aviation pioneers. 1783 - Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier and The Flight of the First Hot Air Balloon Two brothers,  Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier, were inventors of the first hot air balloon. They used the smoke from a fire to blow hot air into a silk bag. The silk bag was attached to a basket. The hot air then rose and allowed the balloon to be lighter than air. In 1783, the first passengers in the colorful balloon were a sheep, rooster and duck. It climbed to a height of about 6,000 feet and traveled more than one mile. After this initial success, the brothers began to send men up in hot air balloons. The first manned hot air balloon flight was carried out on November 21, 1783 and the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. 1799-1850s - George Cayley’s Gliders Sir George Cayley is considered the father of aerodynamics. Cayley experimented with wing design, distinguished between lift and drag and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders, rear elevators and air screws. He also designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body for control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of Cayleys gliders. It was the first glider capable of carrying a human. For over 50 years, George Cayley made improvements to his gliders. Cayley changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. He also designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He then tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. Additionally, Cayley recognized that there would be a need for machine power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time.

Effectiveness of the Transmission of Monetary Policies and Lessons Essay

Effectiveness of the Transmission of Monetary Policies and Lessons Learned in 2007 and 2008 Global Financial Crisis - Essay Example It has also resulted in a number of debates as regards the effectiveness of the transmission mechanism of monetary policies. In the past, monetary policy has been associated with a financial stability of an economy. The problem that a majority of countries face is concerned with the effectual transmission mechanism of an effective monetary-policy. A number of lessons can be learned regarding the effectiveness of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy by central banks in the year 2007 and 2008. The lessons would be based on interest rate, inflation, exchange rates, balance sheet, expectations, as well as moral hazards that characterized the market prior, during and after the 2008 global economic-crisis. A Brief State of the 2007 Financial Crisis and Failure of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism Although financial crisis is not a unique occurrence, the financial crisis of 2007 was more global than other economic crises experienced in the past (Mankoff, 2010). It is also regarded as the most impactful relative to other proceeding financial crises. Due to its high level of degree in terms of impact and globalization, a large number of monetary policymakers were compelled to utilize both conventional and unconventional financial policies. A majority of economic analysts as well as financial institutions in the world were surprised by the fast pace at which the subprime crisis in the US led to a world financial crisis (Cecchetti, 2009, p. 53). The global financial crisis led speedily to a world economic crisis. This fast pace left a considerable number of individuals in the business and financial circles with unanswered questions regarding the effectiveness of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. In particular, the 2007 and 2008 financial crisis questioned the effectiveness of various institutional frameworks (Mankoff, 2010). It also questioned the national and internal monetary instruments in ensuring financial stability at the global level. In relation to Shiller’s (2008) argument, attention has been paid to the role and operation of financial markets, as well as financial institutions. Specifically, questions regarding the effectiveness of financial institutions and markets to price and administer risk have been raised. Analysts observe that there have been inability of private sector to manage risk effectively, and failure of public sector’s supervision of the financial markets (Mankoff, 2010). Interest rate While the financial world changed in the year 2007, the monetary instruments were not updated to handle the change (Swagel, 2009, p.43). The instruments were not transmitted effectively to realize positive impact. Initially, interest rates were traditionally treated as the main financial instrument that would protect an economy against financial difficulties, as well as enhance economic growth. A large number of emerging economies, including India, lowered their interest rates in an anticipation th at both prices and output would respond effectively. However, both output and prices did not respond in respect to the anticipation. An interest rate is majorly used in managing the supply of money in an economy. Interest rate has been observed by many individuals as a key monetary instrument in controlling lending and borrowing between financial institutions and consumers. The borrowing and lending is also executed amongst financial institutions. In the event that there is a high supply of money in an economy, a central bank would opt to raise the level of an interest rate. In this regard, credit availability is likely

Sexual Orientation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexual Orientation - Case Study Example Has one ever heard a discussion on the topic, â€Å"Men-their role in the society?† The discussion is always about women. Men have, perhaps, no role! At the secular level, the never-ending talk of giving equal rights to women goes on. How can one give equal rights to women? God has created her, given her the status of more equal. She gives protection for the initial nine months to the divine creative force of the nature-male or female! But unfortunately, in practical terms, we find that a female child is victimized, psychologically brutalized, at every stage of her life on innumerable counts. The sexual orientation identity and development befitting the women characters in the movie based upon the bestselling novel written by Amy Tan, needs to be understood in the context of the backgrounder information of the plight of the girl-child in the society. In a country like America, an immigrant woman suffers from the problems of sexual orientation and identity. In this particular movie the character of Jing-mei (June) Woo is a concrete example of adjusting the life situations and challenges in a cross-cultural scenario. It is no easy task to build a bridge between the two generations. How to flow together harmoniously through the jumble of circumstances and life-situations? A woman turns out to be a conglomeration of several personality traits psychologically, as she is born, bred and brought up in two different set of circumstances. Her psychology is continuously called upon to play the dual role. How to find a common identity, a common goal and to be precise a common all, amidst the duality of influences of pre and post-immigration life-styles? â€Å"Structurally, her narratives serve as bridges between the two generations of storytellers, as Jing-mei speaks both for herself and for her recently deceased mother, Suyuan. Jing-mei a lso bridges America and China. When she travels to China, she discovers the Chinese essence within

Pointillism of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte Essay

Pointillism of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - Essay Example ans do not have an idea as to what publications on color that Seurat studied, he undoubtedly relied upon features of these connecting theories in developing pointillism. Georges Seurat’s themes (1859 – 1891) addressed within his paintings were as well impressionist subjects, however, he portrayed them in some resolutely professional way. Seurat developed a disciplined as well as painstaking system for painting, which devoted itself in analysis of color. He had much less concern on immediate color sensations recording than he was with organizing them in some careful into some new type of pictorial arrangement. Seurat disciplined the free as well as fluent play for color, which characterized impressionism into calculated arrangement founded on scientific theory of color. Neo-Impressionism happens to be a term that is practiced on an Avant- garde movement of art, which flourished during the period between 1886 and 1906 in France. The Neo Impression circle artist, led by the good example, Georges Seurat, renounced the accidental spontaneity for impression in favor for some measured method that was grounded within science as well as the study for optics. Fortified by existing the writing on theory of color, the discourses of Eugene Chevreul, Odgen Rood and Charles Henry for instance, it came to the believe of Neo Impressionists that interwoven pigment’s separate touches lead to a superior color vibrancy within the eye of an observer than achieved by conventional pigments’ mixing on the palette. They felt that the careful paint application, as well known as Melange Optigue or optical mixture, would appreciate a lively sparkle of light on canvas. Separation of color through individual pigment strokes became to be referred to as divisionism and on the other hand, application of detailed dots of paint became to be called pointillism (Fred, 664). â€Å"Ile de la Grande Jatte† interprets as the â€Å"Big Bowl Island† as well as the enormous work done by Georges

Henry Ford Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Ford - Research Paper Example His deeds towards his workers made him a humanitarian in the eyes of many as he worked towards alleviating the poor from poverty through better pay and working conditions. His consistency and innovative mind ensured the success of his company over the years even after his death in 1947. Henry ford and ford motor company are two names that forever changed the history of human mobility. Ford changed not only the motor vehicle industry but also industrialization in general. Ford was born in 1863 in Greenfield Michigan (Curcio, 2013). His parents were of Irish and Belgian descent. His engineering expertise emerged early in life where by 15 years he was able to repair watches. However, his ingenuity was often cut short by the constant farm duties. Ford, at 16 years, went to Detroit for greener pastures. He undertook a series of jobs both during the day and in the evening. He particularly loved repairing watches and this made him famous and scooped him the much needed supplemental income. Ford left Detroit three years later to work as a steam engine operator. Henry Ford rose from a humble background and followed his interest in machines to become an engineer and later founded Ford Motor Company which he steered to glory through critical and witty decision making and stra tegy formulation and implementation. His enthusiasm and interest in knowing more about such engines saw him acquire a job at Westinghouse to service their engines. He still worked in the farm although this was far away from his passion. By now he had married Clara Bryant and they settled on an expansive piece of land offered by Ford’s father. They were to stay there so far as they used the land for farming activities. Ford seized the opportunity and cut the many trees on the land for commercial purposes. Unfortunately, there were no more trees left and since he disliked farming, he went back to the city. This dislike of farming led him

Briefing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Briefing paper - Essay Example First and foremost, Subway must develop understanding and acceptance about cultural differences. This will be accomplished through an exchange and training programs to all of its subsidiaries to facilitate the easy exchange of information. With the concept of open-mindedness, expatriation will be successful. Finally, Subway must somehow consider other motivating factors and a change of management structure in order to remain competitive. 2. Terms of Reference Motivating people is one of the challenging tasks a manager must handle. Usually, work motivation among employees is influenced by cultural issues particularly in international companies. â€Å"Managing across cultures requires motivating employees from various cultures, but finding a framework for motivating and managing behavior across cultures has proven to be difficult† (Silverthorne, 2005, p.98). Based on the research conducted by Kreitner (2009, p.102), employees are looking for a process that is geographically cohe rent. However, because of diversity in individual needs and workplace expectations, motivating practices from one organization will not be anymore successful towards other jurisdiction. Management-Expert (ME) is a global firm that gives consulting services and training programs to all kinds of management issues. ... Just recently, Subway management decided to expatriate workers for them to experience the culturally diverse global workforce. However, the company encountered some disadvantages and one of those is the adaptability to the culture of foreign environments. Because of these cross-cultural differences, employees are having low morale and at the same time turnover becomes high. Per evaluation of the management team, employee motivation is severely damaged. This briefing paper will serve to explain the nature of Subway’s problem, the overview and analysis of the situation, and some suggested remedies/ recommendations to the problem. 3. Overview of the Situation Expatriating employees is one of Subway’s management strategies to make their employees globally skillful. The organization’s objective is to increase the cultural intelligence of their employees in terms of adapting to different cultures. This is also some kind of private motivation among their front line peop le and managers for them to have a broader global perspective among their international subsidiaries. However, the decision brings some drawbacks and it caused a severe damage to the attitudes and behaviors of employees toward their jobs. In other words, employees are not anymore motivated plainly because of the differences in work values, practices, and culture of foreign environments. According to Finsterbusch (2003, p.6), even though most of the countries nowadays are driven by technological and economic development, there is still no room for uniformed global culture. Values will only shift based on the trend but the origin of the culture in which it is employed will not be constant and so dealing with expatriates need to be

Henry Ford Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Henry Ford - Research Paper Example His deeds towards his workers made him a humanitarian in the eyes of many as he worked towards alleviating the poor from poverty through better pay and working conditions. His consistency and innovative mind ensured the success of his company over the years even after his death in 1947. Henry ford and ford motor company are two names that forever changed the history of human mobility. Ford changed not only the motor vehicle industry but also industrialization in general. Ford was born in 1863 in Greenfield Michigan (Curcio, 2013). His parents were of Irish and Belgian descent. His engineering expertise emerged early in life where by 15 years he was able to repair watches. However, his ingenuity was often cut short by the constant farm duties. Ford, at 16 years, went to Detroit for greener pastures. He undertook a series of jobs both during the day and in the evening. He particularly loved repairing watches and this made him famous and scooped him the much needed supplemental income. Ford left Detroit three years later to work as a steam engine operator. Henry Ford rose from a humble background and followed his interest in machines to become an engineer and later founded Ford Motor Company which he steered to glory through critical and witty decision making and stra tegy formulation and implementation. His enthusiasm and interest in knowing more about such engines saw him acquire a job at Westinghouse to service their engines. He still worked in the farm although this was far away from his passion. By now he had married Clara Bryant and they settled on an expansive piece of land offered by Ford’s father. They were to stay there so far as they used the land for farming activities. Ford seized the opportunity and cut the many trees on the land for commercial purposes. Unfortunately, there were no more trees left and since he disliked farming, he went back to the city. This dislike of farming led him

Computer Forensic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words

Computer Forensic - Essay Example The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized [11]. The Fourth Amendment is part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. It was ratified as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance which was a type of general search warrant in the American Revolution. It specified that any warrant must be judicially sanctioned for a search or an arrest in order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable. Warrants must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person. It only applies to governmental actors and to criminal law [3]. An example would be if a warrant is issued for child porn on an individual’s computer, but finds records of embezzlement, the embezzlement records could not be used in a court of law. The exception is if the police could justify obtaining a warrant to search the computer for records of embezzlement. The Fourth Amendment interposes a magistrate as an impartial arbiter between the defendant and the police. The magistrate may issue a search warrant if the magistrate or judge is convince that probable cause exists to support a belief that evidence of a crime is located at the premises. The officer must prepare an affidavit that describes the basis for probable cause and the affidavit must limit the area to be searched and evidence searched for. The warrant thus gives the police only a limited right to violate a citizen’s privacy. If the police exceed that limited right, or if a warrant is required, but the police have not first obtained

The ozone Layer and the greenhouse effect Essay Example for Free

The ozone Layer and the greenhouse effect Essay Ozone, an allotrope of oxygen is present in the atmosphere in only tiny amounts. It is found almost entirely in the stratosphere. It is vital for our survival as it filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation. However if ozone reaches ground level it is harmful to human health. It weakens the bodys immune system and attacks lung tissue. Ozone is extremely reactive and reacts with other gases very quickly but there are also reactions that are producing ozone and without human intervention this ozone would be in a steady state equilibrium. The natural reactions that involve ozone are: In this reaction hindicates the photon of ultraviolet radiation that is absorbed. Reaction 2 is the one that produces the ozone and reaction 4 is the one that destroys it. The is also another reaction that destroys ozone. 5. O3 + h O + O2 This is the reaction that is responsible for the screening effect of ozone, since it absorbs ultraviolet radiation. Chemists are able to calculate the concentration of ozone that should be in the stratosphere by working out how fast the rate of making and destroying occur, but when they actually measured the concentration it was a great deal less than expected. This tells us that there must be something else that is destroying the ozone other that the natural reactions. There are other radicals in the stratosphere that can react with ozone. An example of these is the chlorine atom and the bromine atom. Chloromethane and bromomethane can get into the stratosphere naturally from the oceans and by burning of coal and vegetation. Most of the chloromethane and bromomethane react in the troposphere but some manage to get onto the stratosphere. Once in the stratosphere the chloromethane splits up due to solar radiation and then the chlorine atom is able to react with ozone. The reaction occurs in a catalytic cycle: 1. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 The ClO is another radical able to react again 2. ClO + O Cl + O2 So now there are two reaction competing to destroy ozone 1. Cl + O3 ClO + O2 2. O + O3 O2 + O2 In the stratosphere there is a much lower concentration of Cl atom compared to O atoms, so it would seem that the reaction with Cl would be insignificant but chemists have measured the rate of reaction of Cl with ozone and have found it to be 1500 faster than the rate of reaction with O atoms. Also because Cl atoms are regenerated in a catalytic cycle they play a large part in removing ozone. In the 1930s scientist Thomas Midgley demonstrated a new refrigerant. He inhaled a lungful of dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl2F2) and used it to blow out a candle. He was showing two of the properties of the gas; its lack of toxicity and lack of flammability. CCl2F2 belongs to family known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which contain chlorine, fluorine and carbon. Some other useful things about CFCs is there low boiling points and low reactivity. CFCs seemed to be the perfect answer to many problems. They had many uses such as propellant in aerosols, refrigerants, blowing agents for making expanded plastics and as cleaning solvents. In the troposphere they remain unreactive and there estimated lifetime is about 100 years. This gives them plenty of time to reach the stratosphere where they are no longer unreactive. They are split up by the solar radiation giving out the fluorine and chlorine to react in the stratosphere destroying ozone. In 1984 a group of British scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica due to CFCs. Due to the scientists finding this hole there has been a worldwide ban on using CFCs since 1990. A replacement to CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydroflurocarbons (HFCs). The difference with these is that they contain a C-H bond which is quickly broken down in the troposphere before they have time to reach to stratosphere. Unfortunately they are not the perfect solution as they contribute to global warming. The Greenhouse effect occurs in the. Without it the Earth would be uninhabited. By trapping the Suns radiation the atmosphere keeps the temperature high enough to support life. Greenhouse gases are gases that trap the Suns radiation. Burning fossil fuels, therefore releasing CO2 can make more greenhouse gases effectively warming the Earth. The Sun radiates energy mainly in the ultraviolet and visible. The part that is absorbed helps to heat the Earth, and the Earth the radiates energy back into space. Some of the energy radiated is absorbed by the troposphere heat the Earth. This is known as the greenhouse effect. If we release to many greenhouse gases this will in turn heat the Earth more causing sea levels to rise as the ice caps melt. The rise in sea level will leave low-lying coastal place to disappear under-water. Tom Harbud 01/03/2001 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Measurement Of Advertising Effectiveness Across Different Media Media Essay

Measurement Of Advertising Effectiveness Across Different Media Media Essay Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine advertising effectiveness of four media. These media include both traditional media like television, radio and print and a new medium like the internet. Design/ Methodology/ Approach An online questionnaire was floated asking the respondents to evaluate the four media on eight different parameters namely, informativeness, emotions, attitude, action, attention, entertainment, irritation and deceptiveness. The results were analysed by comparison of the means using the One Way Anova and Tukey b Test, was applied to see the difference between the effectiveness of different media on the basis of the eight parameters listed above. This was followed by Terpstra Jonckheere Test to confirm our order of alternatives. Findings The study determined that different media have significant differences in their effectiveness when evaluated on the above mentioned eight parameters. According to the study, the consumers perceive television as the most effective advertising medium followed by print, internet and radio. Research Limitations/ implications Only four media were considered for the study and it measured the effectiveness of different kinds of advertisements in general. Also, the respondents belonged to the same age group. Future research can be done with more media and can be extended for a particular product and for a particular brand. Practical Implications The study can be used to determine the most effective media for advertising a particular product. Also the advertising requirements differ with the life cycle of the product. The same can be evaluated with the help of this study. Originality/ Value There have been past studies to evaluate the advertising effectiveness of different media but none of them has been particular to Indian context. Key Words advertising effectiveness, comparison between different advertising media, traditional media compared to web Paper Type Survey based research paper INTRODUCTION Media, from long, has been used by advertisers to build brands; be it television, radio, print, internet or outdoor advertising. With increasing competition and the rat race between the various sellers, it has increasingly become important for the advertisers to differentiate themselves from others, and the efficient advertising mix has a very important role to play in the effectiveness of this differentiating behaviour. Often marketers face themselves with the problem of deciding on how much to spend on advertising on the various types of media. This decision rests on the measure of effectiveness of each of these forms, which is often a tough task. For the same product, the effect of a particular media may be far different from the others. Also, the effects of these media may vary largely across the various product categories as well. Hence to reach to the optimum advertising mix its necessary for the marketers to evaluate the perceived value of each of these media on its consumers. How do viewers perceive the TV over other types of media? Is the modern media like internet more effective compared to the traditional media like TV and print? To answer these questions, the study focuses on the view, opinions and perceptions of people who are exposed to the various media. Here, in this paper, we intend to measure the perceived value of the various forms of media in the mind of consumers, and quantify this to reach to an advertising value for each of the media across a particular product category. This perception of viewers has a large role to play on the advertisers selection of various media for advertising, and allocation of the advertising budget to these media. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Advertising on the four media which are taken into consideration for the purpose of this study namely, television, radio, print and internet have their own advantages and disadvantages. While television, radio and print are the traditional methods of advertising and have a long history behind them, internet has emerged as an advertising medium in the near past. Over the years, internet has emerged as a competitor to the traditional media and has created a niche for itself. It is however not clear from the previous studies that consumers who watch all four kinds of advertisements consider all of them equally effective or not. Also, there is a dearth of research when it comes to measuring the advertising effectiveness of the four media vis-a-vis each other in the Indian context. This study aims to fill this gap that exists. ADVERTISING ON DIFFERENT MEDIA Advertising on Television Television advertising started in United States in the year 1941. Television advertising started in India in the eighties and from then there is no looking back for this medium of advertising. Television is a commonly used medium for advertising campaigns due to its popularity and the capability to reach audiences of all ages (Edell Keller, 1989). According to the New York Times, television is to stay in India. It has seen a phenomenal growth in the past and will continue to grow. There are been a 20 percent increase in the number of homes with televisions. It has increased from 88 million in 2000 to 105 million in the year 2009. There has been a 21 percent increase in the advertising spending on Indian television from the year 1995 to 2005. Spending on television advertising reached $1.6 billion in the year 2005. Television has several advantages over other medium. The reach of television is much wider than that of other advertising media like print and it does so in a shorter duration of time. Also, television has multiple communication appeal as it uses both hearing and vision. Â  By appealing to both senses a TV advertiser can use these to reinforce each other. Television as an advertising medium has its own set of disadvantages. The cost of advertising is much higher for television as compared to other forms of media considered here. Also, if the advertisement is not intrusive enough it may fail to capture the attention of the audience. In addition to this the number of advertisements which fight for the coveted time slots on television may add to the clutter and may not help in reinforcing the belief of the customer. Advertising on Radio Advertising on radio started in the early 1920s, when the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. These days radio is no longer considered to be an attractive means of advertising. Radio, an old- fashioned medium existing in the shadow of high tech boom of internet advertising and cable TV, is not considered lucrative anymore (Joachim Jean C., 1999). Though radio ads have decreased in popularity but still it is widely used as an advertising medium because of the benefits it provides. The key advantage of radio advertising is its cost effectiveness as compared to other media like television. The advantages of radio advertising are low production costs and selectivity in reaching segments of audiences homogeneous in demographics or lifestyles (McDonald, 1998; Roberts Berger, 1989). Also, radio has a wider reach in terms of the number of audience covered vis a vis television or internet. Radio advertisement has the disadvantage of being ephemeral, since the consumer can only hear the ad, it becomes very necessary to have an ad which is highly attention grabbing. Also, due to smaller coveted slots, cluttering of ads may happen. Apart from this, the decrease in the popularity of the medium has made radio advertising less sought after. Print advertising is one of the oldest modes of advertising. With the advent of radio, television and internet, print advertising has lost its lustre. Due to the advantage that print medium has on the cost front, it is still the most sought after advertising medium for small, local businesses. Print medium has a very wide reach and it proves to be very cost effective. The advertisement can reach different segments in a wide geographic region. The people can refer to the ads multiple times and therefore it has the desired permanence. The biggest limitation of print is that the ad has to compete for the attention of the reader. In the limited space that the medium provides, the ads may just get lost in the clutter. In addition to this, more and more people are now switching to online versions of magazines and newspapers. So the traditional print medium is losing its charm .Advertising on the Internet Advertising on the internet started in the year 1994 when Wired magazine came up with its commercial web magazine which was the first of its kind. With this online magazine started the era of of advertising on the Internet. Since then, advertising on the Internet has increased rapidly, mainly due to an astronomical growth in Web traffic. But with this increase in the web traffic clutter over the internet has increased manifolds. The internet has many advantages over the traditional forms of media, the most prominent of them being the cost. The cost incurred is a fraction of the cost which will be paid for a similar ad on television. Another advantage of Internet advertising is that it provides a medium to buy the product as well. No other media offers this flexibility. As with other advertising media clutter is an issue, as competition for Web users becomes more intense. Also, the frequency of pop up ads can cause irritation in the consumer. Apart from this the rate of usage of internet is really an issue especially in developing countries like India and this makes internet advertising less popular. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS Advertising Effectiveness as defined by Ducoffe is a subjective evaluation of the relative worth or utility of advertising to consumers. Ducoffe, in his study, suggested media mix has an important role to play in advertising effectiveness. In his research, the respondents were asked to rank different media in terms of their role in advertising. Consumers ranked television the top labelling it the most valuable source, followed by print media, direct mail and radio; web was placed at bottom. As per previous studies, consumers consider newspapers to be most effective in informativeness, reliability and credibility whereas television and radio rate lower on these attributes. Comparision of Traditional Media with Web With internet emerging as an effective media of advertising, a synergy in advertising through various media forms can be achieved by integrating internet with other media to achieve companys objectives. Leong et al [1998], in his study, suggested that though internet is different from other media, it can be used to complement other media. Many researchers [Negroponte-1995] are of the view that TV viewing would become obsolete in certain time with computer activities replacing it in a large way. But at the same time, there are many that do not support the replacement view [Coffey and Stripp-1997]. They do agree with TV popularity decreasing to some extent but expect it to still remain a popular activity. As per Kanso and Nelson [2004], various media can be integrated to serve the purpose, thereby enticing customers to the product/ brand. A similar study by Chang and Thorson [2004] show the combined effect of advertising on various media viz. traditional and web is far superior compared to repeated advertising on individual mediums. As per the survey carried out till date, there does not seem any paper which provides a complete comprehensive comparative analysis of different forms of media. Gap in extant literature The study by Ducoffe presents the results of a survey focussing on the perceived value of web advertising vis-Ã  -vis other media. To understand what makes advertising effective, Ducoffe identified the dimensions of advertising which include informativeness, irritation, deceptiveness and entertainment. But this study was limited to comparing traditional media and web advertising and also excluded parameters like degree of information dissemination and emotional effects. Though Leong et al did provide few parameters like attention, emotions, precipitating action and attitude to find out the advertising value of a particular media, but the study was limited to comparing the internet advertising to traditional media. Also, most of the researches carried out so far miss on the point that the respondents chosen should be exposed to these various media so that their responses reflect the true effectiveness of media. We intend to choose those exposed to all the various media forms as our respondent base. This effectiveness varies across the various product categories, their phase in the product life cycle, the demographics of the target group, and hence cannot be generalized. Hence, we intend to carry this research so as to keep these extraneous variables constant and can later be easily replicated across all the categories. THEORETICAL BASES DERIVATION OF FOR THE HYPOTHESIS Figure 1: Application Model The hypothesis has been derived separately for each of the eight parameters, discussed above, and is described below stating all bases for the derivation of each. Informativeness According to the information gathered about informativeness of the various media, internet ads are the most informative, followed by print, television and radio.[Leong, 1998] This fact seems to be correct as the information available about a product/service is very expansive on the internet, due to links provided that help the user gain unending information. This is closely followed by print ads that contain extensive information printed about the product, due to the availability of space. Television and radio provide lesser information, due to the expensive per second rates. Television is more informative than radio due to the visual aid available. Hypothesis 1 The level of informativeness of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads being the most informative, followed by print media, television and radio in this order. Attention This section shows how engaging and interactive the media is. Again, television and radio score high on this factor, due to their audio-visual and audio aid respectively. This is followed by print and internet. Print, due to its direct impact in a newspaper or a magazine ranks next in this regard followed by internet ads which might not be that engaging for the user. Hypothesis 2 The level of attention of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most attention seeking, radio, print media, and internet in this order. Emotions According to Nielson, the internet is a more rational medium, while the television is an emotional medium. Thus, television rates high on the emotional factor, followed by radio and print, with internet being the least emotional, due to least interactiveness of the medium and it being the most informative. Hypothesis 3 The level of emotions of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most emotional, followed by radio, print media and internet in this order. Precipitating Action Persuasion is an action that drives a user towards purchasing the product. Internet purchasing is the most popular and is significantly higher than telemarketing. Internet is followed by print in precipitating action. Print media seems to influence people towards buying a product due to the informative nature of the medium. Radio is the least persuasive in this regard as radio just provides a recall for the product. Hypothesis 4 The level of precipitating action of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads having the most precipitating action, followed by print media, television and radio in this order. Attitude Attitude defines the degree to which advertisements are able to change the beliefs/attitudes of people towards the product or the brand. This would affect the final buying decision of the product or service. The order for this factor ranges from television, print, internet and radio from most effective to least effective in changing attitude. Hypothesis 5 The level of attitude of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most attitudes changing, followed by print media, internet and radio in this order. Entertainment According to the information gathered about entertainment, television ads come out to be the most effective, followed by radio, print and internet. [Larkin] Television tops the list due to the audio visual effects present. This is followed by radio. The print media shows the entertainment factor through its creative designs and catchy print messages. The internet is considered to be a rational medium providing clear information without the frills. Hypothesis 6 The level of entertainment of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most entertaining, followed by radio, print and internet in this order. Irritation Advertising effectiveness depends on the users receptiveness towards an ad, and on their attitude towards advertising. Non relevant ads on TV, in newspapers and on the radio are perceived as inevitable by consumers; on the Internet, they are considered to be a nuisance. Television and radio ads are considered irritating due to the disturbance they cause during normal TV or radio screening. Print media ads are considered least irritating as they do not hinder normal operation of a newspaper or a magazine. Hypothesis 7 The level of irritation of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with internet ads being the most irritating, followed by television, radio and print media in this order. Deceptiveness Another important factor to calculate effectiveness of a medium is to measure the credibility of the medium. According to our research about the subject [Larkin], television ads seem to be to the most deceiving because of the lower airing time, thus the effect could be deceptive and important facts about the product are left out. This is followed by radio and print, with internet being the least deceptive due to the depth of information present on the internet. Hypothesis 8 The level of deceptiveness of advertisements varies significantly across the various forms of media, with television ads being the most deceiving, followed by radio, print media, and internet in this order. Overall Perception The overall perception of advertising media effectiveness has been taken to get an overall picture of the effectiveness. Hypothesis 9 On general/overall perception of the customer, television is the most effective, followed by print media, radio and internet in this order. METHODOLOGY Scale Development The scale items were adopted from Ducoffe [1996] and Leong et al [1998]. A total of 17 statements were used for the proposed scale. A 5-interval scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree was used to measure the response to each item. The respondents were given special instructions to not get biased towards a particular advertisement, brand or a product, rather evaluate each media as a whole. The internal reliability score was measured using Cronbachs alpha. The coefficient alpha reliability indicates that the items in each scale are significantly high above 0.7, except for Deceptiveness and Irritation. Though the value of alpha is not significantly low, this lower value is approximately equal to 0.6 which is close to the acceptable value. The instrument thus used was a 17-item scale, with eight underlying factors viz. informativeness, attention, emotion, precipitating action, attitude, entertainment, irritation and deceptiveness. The results were analysed by comparison of the means using the One Way Anova and Tukey b Test, was applied to see the difference between the effectiveness of different media on the basis of the eight parameters listed above. This was followed by Terpstra Jonckheere Test to confirm our order of alternatives. The scale items are listed below- Table 1: Scale Items Respondents Our survey was taken by 106 respondents in the age group of 18-30 years. Considering the kind of research we were conducting, only those people who had been exposed to all the four media viz. TV, Radio, Print and Internet were chosen to take our survey. Respondents were also asked to rank various media in terms of effectiveness with 1 assigned to the most effective medium and 4 to the least. RESULTS Result 1: Informativeness The level of informativeness varies significantly across different media, with respondents rating radio as the least informative. Though respondents consider internet most informative, followed by print and television, the tests reveal that the difference between this three different media is not significant enough to be considered. This is consistent with our hypothesis. Result 2: Attention The level of attention varies significantly across various media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of attention. Though respondents consider television the most attention catching, followed by print and internet, the tests reveal that the difference is not significant in the case of internet and print media, thus might not be considered. This result is slightly different than our hypothesis, according to which internet had the least level of attention. The reason for such a difference could be the difference in times from when the article was written and when the survey was taken. Table 2 : Reactions to Advertising on Various Media Measurement Model Means Scale Relia-bility Signi-ficance Level TV Radio Print Internet Informativeness 3.512 3.031 3.742 3.746 0.698 0.000 Ads provide relevant product information. 3.717 3.160 4.123 3.840 Ads are sources of up-to-date product info. 4.038 3.425 3.934 4.105 Ads supply complete product information. 2.783 2.509 3.170 3.330 Attention 4.344 2.986 3.642 3.524 0.768 0.000 Ads are attractive/eye-catching. 4.434 2.698 3.745 3.651 Ads are effective in producing engaging messages 4.255 3.274 3.538 3.396 Emotions 3.778 2.835 2.901 2.651 0.543 0.000 Ads give details about the product, but do not stimulate emotions* (Negative Question) 2.264 3.047 3.189 3.359 I am touched by ads. 3.821 2.717 2.991 2.660 Precipitating Action 3.953 2.698 3.755 3.255 0.737 0.000 I have thought of buying an advertised product after watching the ad. 3.953 2.698 3.755 3.255 Attitude 4.118 3.340 3.717 3.481 0.737 0.000 Ads help people change their attitude towards the brand/company. 4.170 3.349 3.821 3.547 Ads help people change their beliefs related to the product. 4.066 3.330 3.613 3.415 Entertainment 4.335 3.151 3.340 3.288 0.762 0.000 Ads are enjoyable 4.245 3.255 3.330 3.179 Ads are exciting 4.425 3.047 3.349 3.396 Irritation 2.871 2.988 2.522 3.006 0.573 0.000 Ads insult peoples intelligence 2.755 2.623 2.472 2.566 Ads are annoying 3.076 3.528 2.585 3.585 Ads are confusing 2.783 2.811 2.509 2.868 Deceptiveness 3.698 3.590 3.349 3.590 0.561 0.010 Ads lie 3.660 3.406 3.330 3.613 Important facts about the products are left out of the ads 3.736 3.774 3.368 3.566 Mean responses to the item, n=106 (1 = Strongly Disagree, 5 = Strongly Agree) * Significant at 5% level of significance ** Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Test was used Table 3 : Terpstra Jonckheere Test for ordered Alternatives HYPOTHESIS TESTING PARAMETERS HYPOTHESIS Rank of different Media [from highest to lowest] T-J Statistic* Sig. 1 Informativeness Internet >Print >TV >Radio 7.269 0.000 2 Entertainment TV >Radio >Print >Internet 7.254 0.000 3 Irritation Internet >TV >Radio >Print 4.043 0.000 4 Deceptiveness TV >Radio >Print >Internet 1.768 0.077 5 Attention TV >Radio >Print >Internet 4.495 0.000 6 Emotions TV >Radio >Print >Internet 8.340 0.000 7 Precipitating Action Internet >Print >TV >Radio 3.161 0.002 8 Attitude TV >Print >Internet >Radio 7.536 0.000 FINDINGS TESTING PARAMETERS FINDINGS Rank of different Media [from highest to lowest] T-J Statistic* Sig. 1 Informativeness Internet >Print >TV >Radio 7.269 0.000 2 Entertainment TV >Print >Internet >Radio 8.963 0.000 3 Irritation Internet >Radio >TV >Print 4.889 0.000 4 Deceptiveness TV >Internet >Radio >Print 3.049 0.000 5 Attention TV >Print >Internet >Radio 10.386 0.000 6 Emotions TV >Print >Radio >Internet 8.595 0.000 7 Precipitating Action TV >Print >Internet >Radio 9.697 0.000 8 Attitude TV >Print >Internet >Radio 7.536 0.000 * Significant at 5% level of significance After having performed Tukey-Bs test to check which particular medium differs significantly from others, : Terpstra Jonckheere Test for ordered Alternatives was performed tovalidate the prescribed order of mediums as suggested by the hypothesis and key findings. These results were in conformance with those obtained by the Tukey B test. Result 3: Emotions The level of emotion varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating television to have the greatest level of emotion. This was followed by radio and print in the same order, although the tests revealed that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. Internet was considered to have the least emotion. Our hypothesis is quite similar to the result, with only difference between radio and print. This could be due to the latest trend of social messages in print advertisements. Result 4: Precipitating Action The level of precipitating action varies significantly across the different media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of precipitating action followed by internet. Though respondents consider television to have the most precipitating action, followed by print media, the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. This result is significantly different than our hypothesis according to which internet has the most precipitating action, followed by print, television and radio. This could be due to the increasing popularity of telemarketing in the current times. Result 5: Attitude The level of attitude varies significantly across the different media with respondents rating radio to have the least level of attitude and television to have the most. Though respondents consider internet and print to follow television, the tests reveal that this difference between internet and print is not significant enough to be considered. This is similar to our hypothesis. Result 6: Entertainment The level of entertainment varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating television as the most entertaining. This was followed by internet and print, although the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. Radio was found to be least entertaining The only difference in the result from the hypothesis is the position of radio which according to the hypothesis is the second most entertaining after television. This change could be attributed again to the changing times, where radio advertising has taken a back seat in comparison to the print and internet media. Result 7: Irritation The level of irritation varies significantly across the different media, with respondents rating print as the least irritating. Though respondents consider internet most irritating, followed by radio and television, the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. The hypothesis also yields the same result. Results 8: Deceptiveness The level of deceptiveness varies significantly across various media, with respondents rating print as the least deceptive, but the tests reveal that the difference in print, internet and radio are not significant enough to be considered. Though respondents consider television most deceptive, followed by internet and radio, the tests reveal that this difference is not significant enough to be considered. The hypothesis is same for the most deceptive media, but according to the hypothesis, internet is least deceptive. Result 9: Overall Perception Table 4 :Mean rankings of various media Media Mean Rankings Television 1.3208 Print 2.4906 Internet 2.8113 Radio <

Humility Among the Kung! Essay -- essays research papers

Humility is a valuable attribute in the character of an individual, in society and in a culture. Cultivating this value in can be learned through psychological exercise, misfortune, costly mistakes, and various other methods. Such was the case with Ontah, the anthropologist in the story, â€Å"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari.† As an expression of gratitude towards the !Kung Bushmen and there families for there cooperation, Ontah purchased the largest meatiest ox he could find for the Christmas festivities. After living with the !Kung Bushmen for three years, with experience and observation of the Tswana-Herrero custom of slaughtering an ox for Christmas, makes it apparent that Ontah’s ox was not the choice of a novice. As the word circulated around the village of his polite gesture, he was baffled by the accusations that he had chosen an ox that was worthless and amounted to nothing more than a bag of bones. Ontah carefully measured this ox before he bought it. This ox was five feet high at the shoulders, five feet across the horns and estimated at 1200 pounds. According to his expert consumption calculations this ox was large enough to feed every man, women and child of the 150 Bushmen in that area! So how could it be said by everyone in the village that his choice of ox was skin and bones, would dampen the excitement of the festivities and since it was not enough to go around it would most likely cause a fight between rivals among the Bushmen, who would accuse one another of ...

Participative Management and Change-Oriented Leadership Essay

Fear is an emotional response to threats and danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific stimulus, such as pain or the threat of pain. (Ohman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: Evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds. ). Handbook of emotions. (pp. 573-593). New York: The Guilford Press. A debilitating emotion that must be managed understood and embraced in a world that is fast becoming familiar with the successes enjoyed by those whose human component is its capital. When did we last take interest in knowing the expressed culture of the company, its leadership and components? What we know now is, we too must be going through this, and it is the same urge that brings us to the table to open a channel of communication that could possibly address how we can all move forward with understanding, sensitivity and optimism in creating change that will benefit both HTI and its human resource asset. More and more structured organizations find the need to shift to become a people-focused management style to improve retention and ensure that changes of any kind is managed rather more successfully. Loyalty influences retention and retention contributes to growth. As a recognized leader in the industry, our upper hand in staying on top will always be dependent on the pillars that support it. Relational leadership is a concept that is not out of reach, and as corporate leaders, it is upon us to make certain that we put in, not just the cutting edge technology ideas, or business savvy that signs contracts but the latest proven expertise in managing our human capital to keep up to the changing times, shifting lifestyles and influences there are about us. Many corporate cultures have changed the moment its leaderships changed their perspectives of how management styles/strategies, consciousness and corporate values tip the scale of profitability. Eventually, over time, loyalty not only assures retention, stability and growth for the business and the brand, its shareholders, but as well as its individual members.

Similar to the manner

May 31, 1988, the day I was born. The significance of my birth was that I was born while my mother had her final exams in college! It was a terrible situation for her at that time and it was difficult to juggle studies with family but she kept struggling until her graduation! Really, it was a great accomplishment that I have yet to show her proper gratitude for and when I was born, my grandfather had the priority to name me and he selected my name because it is the same name of his mother! May 31, 1988 was not simply the day that I was born but it was so much more. My coming into the world could not have been foreboded in a better manner.Never was a birth into this world received with so much fanfare and celebrity. In fact, how many can claim that on the day they were born the earth shook and trembled? Seriously, however, Darwin, Australia, was shook by an earthquake that registered a 7 on the Richter scale. There were so many events that transpired on the day that I was born. While my birthday was not exactly featured on any major newspaper and neither did it grace the headlines of any tabloid (gratefully so), it did not mean that it was an uneventful day otherwise. In Brazil, the government made a major decision to revitalize the local economy by instituting fiscal reforms.Similar to the manner by which my parents were forced to make monetary adjustments to compensate for my arrival into this world and the horde of resources they would need to support me, Brazil too was forced to brace for the coming of financially challenging times and notches of belt tightening. In other parts of the world, my birthday was celebrated with the appointment of an Australian to the Secretariat of State of the Vatican. Though I would certainly like to claim that there were no misfortunes that occurred on the day that I was born I have to, perhaps, take the good with the bad or see things in a different light.Other people say that a man died the day that I was born but, on a pers onal level, the maxim out with the old and in with the new comes to mind. It was unfortunate that a man died when his boat capsized but then again I have somewhat believed in the circle of life and perhaps his passing had made way for my entrance into this world. Speculation aside, I am sure that the day that I was born will always be either a day of farewells or a day of greetings and salutations. Far from it for me to claim that the only newsworthy events that transpired on my birthday.In fact, there were other events that are indeed quite fitting to mark this occasion were the introduction of a new swimwear line made by known fashion designers. This was a line that decided to be risque and daring, much like the life I was destined to lead. It also marked a major landmark for sports news casting because CBS announced that it was expanding its roster of announcers and looking for black announcers. CBS was taking a step forward in race relations and breaking down established cultura l barriers by making that announcement.I could perhaps claim that my birthday was a day that boundaries in fashion and culture were broken. Finally, what would my birthday be like it consumerism was not celebrated and heralded at its finest for my birthday was the same day that Coach decided to launch its new model bag that would become the hippest bag in the United States that summer. Retailing for what at that time was already a huge sum of money, the new Coach bag with a tag price of US $138 as well as the Corum Admiral Watch at US $6,900 would be the perfect way to signal my arrival into this world.Exposed to expensive and soft leather, as well as courted by the bright reflections dancing on pieces of shining jewelry, this is the way I intend to lead my life. As I read the events that transpired on my date of birth, I am struck by a realization that makes me smile. While I am aware that the event of my birth will probably not be as well remembered by others, the annals of histor y will always show that something happened that day. It may not be my birth that people will remember but it whatever memory people will have will always occur on the birth date.

My Reading Autobiography Essay

Reading has been an important part in my life. I have always loved reading since reading entertains, educates and informs. Reading interesting novels such as fiction books has been part of the entertainment aspect of my reading history. I love the way stories are told in books and as I read, I often get overwhelmed and enter the scene being explained in the story. At times I feel I am watching live scenes. This entertains me! Books have educated me. Since I entered school, the most valuable friend I met in school was reading. Reading has been my greatest companion in education and through reading I have amassed a great deal of knowledge. When I was young, I was introduced to reading sciences and arts. I found it hard to read especially pronouncing words in the required manner. With interest, I gained a strong interest in reading. Reading has now made me understand, critically analyze and find solutions to most life problems. Apart from educating me, reading taught me how to get information and be informed. I always felt it was a bother being asked to read when I was first introduced to reading in school. My teachers could force me to keep repeating a word over and over if I made wrong pronunciations. My parents were not any soft to me. Everybody wanted to see me reading correctly and sacrificed their time ensuring that I made correct pronunciations. In school, I even became an expert in reading and I could assist other pupils in reading! The teachers who often pressed me to repeat the wrongly pronounced words became my best friends. Today, I encourage a reading culture among all people regardless they are students or not. I emphasize on the three roles of reading; informing, entertaining and educating. These catchwords have deeply sunk into people’s memory and a majority of them have embraced reading as the most beneficial culture.

Civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Civil engineering - Essay Example d maintenance of natural and physical built environment as roads, bridges, buildings, canals and dams A degree in civil engineering covers subjects in mathematics, physics, design, project management and specific topics in civil engineering. Civil engineers possess an academic degree with a major in civil engineering whose length of study varies from three to five years. After completion of the certified degree program, the engineer must satisfy the exam requirements and have work experience before being certified as a professional engineer. Certification means that the certified engineer may prepare, sign and submit engineering plans and drawings to a public authority for approval while abiding by the code of ethics set by the certifying bodies. The field is concerned with rocks, soils, highways, sewers and underground water systems, foundations of buildings and bridges. The professional engineer studies technical information obtained from material testing, sciences of geology and hydraulics to design foundations and structures while ensuring safety and economy of the project. This discipline is concerned with the science of waste management, water purification, cleaning of contaminated areas, industrial ecology and reduction of pollution. Policy makers rely on technical data obtained through environmental engineering to make environmentally related decisions. It deals with the management of quality and quantity of underground water and above ground water resources, like rivers, lakes and streams. It involves analyzing geographical areas to forecast the quantity of water that is likely to flow into and out of a water source. It deals with the design of structures to ensure that they are economical, safe for the users and serve the desired function. Loads acting on the structures and the stresses created due to these loads are identified in order to design a structure that withstands these loads. The structures include bridges, tunnels, highways, steel

Developing as a manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developing as a manager - Essay Example Skills Learnt over the Semester One skill that I developed during the course of the semester was analytical skills. Analytical skills are defined as the thought process that is needed in the effective evaluation of information (Metz, 2009: p90). Examining problems in the classroom setting thoroughly needs one to pay attention to detail and keep their focus. For instance, the use of case studies required the class to show high analytical skill levels to come up with proposals for the tutor. Analytical skills are tested in this case by the pressures of time required to complete the case studies. It will be important to graduate from University with strong analytical skills to be able to seek required information, process it, and make decisions that are feasible and defendable. My analytical skills have also been developed through identification of an author’s main arguments, critical evaluation of their argument, identification of their hidden agendas that makes their claims que stionable and missing information that could swing the argument, and evaluation of evidence provided in the text. These factors are important in making final decisions about the veracity of information, and whether to act on it (Metz, 2009: p90). ... Developing academic integrity in my writing is important because it will ensure that I graduate with the required skills to become a manager. It also enhances the learning experience by ensuring that one realizes where they are academically in relation to other students, rather than giving a show of successful academic work that gives one a false sense of achievement. This is dangerous in the management world since employees can tell if the manager is taking advantage of their work as his/her own. In addition, integrity is a character quality (Metz, 2009: p91), and developing it while at university will be reflected in my later professional work. This semester, I also developed my skills in accessing library resources by using the university library for my academic work. Conducting research was an important part of my academic semester in the writing process and, in order to conduct the best research I could, I sought to locate information at the school library, organize it, and eval uate it. Libraries are an important primary research source, especially for academic research, and developing my skills on how to use the library was important in understanding how to carry out the process of research. Finding the right information is crucial in management as it helps in decision making, and solving of problems and challenges (Metz, 2009: p95). By using the library to access required resources, there was a wealth of information that helped me in making proposals in case studies. In addition, using the library to access resources showed that there are many sources of information and knowing how to access them is essential to coming up with the right conclusions and decisions. I also developed my skills at interpreting and

Equality, Diversity and Difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equality, Diversity and Difference - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that, â€Å"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.† However, as this definition does not relate to any law, various nations across the globe have put a legal standpoint to the definition of equality. ‘Equality’ (or ‘equal’) signifies correspondence between a group of different objects, persons, processes or circumstances that have the same qualities in at least one respect, but not all respects, i.e., regarding one specific feature, with differences in other features. Therefore, striving to achieve equality is generally defined as â€Å"the incorporation of Equal Opportunities issues into all actions, programmes, and policies from the outset†. As equality has been a cause of global concern, the new age government keep this aspect in mind each time when they consider a new policy or a law. When we look back historically, we know that human beings have always had the tendency to dominate over the weak. This resulted in the creation of a social structure where some sections became the privileged and other sections were considered less-equality. This craving for power and dominance started contributing to a society where inequality started existing. For example, areas of residences of various groups were demarcated. The affluent and dominating section of the society tried to ensure that the laymen do not live near to their places of residence To clarify further, we can also define equality in terms of non-discrimination. Equality means the absence of discrimination, and upholding the principle of non-discrimination between groups will produce equality. Therefore, discrimination can be defined as any act that denies equality that an individual or a group wishes for. It is widely accepted that equality and non-discrimination are positive and negative statements of the same principle.

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Commercial Law - Essay Example Whenever there is a bridge in the contract, the law provides a remedy for the damages or monetary compensation. Section 14 of the Sales of Good Act 1979 of the UK governs the formation of commercial contracts involving the buying and selling of goods. The act deals with implied terms and presumptions which reflect commercial expectations in the formed contract. It also outlines few compulsory legal rules to be followed in the formation of commercial contracts. Section 14 of the Act specifies the terms of satisfactory quality of goods and the fitness for purpose of goods under sale. According to the section the seller is obligated to offer goods that are fit for the purpose for which they are being sold especially so if the buyer will reasonably depend on the seller’s expertise. According to Austen-Baker (a 125) an offer is made by one party called the offeror. Through the offer, they express their willingness to be bound to the other party. This can be expressed by the offeror through direct conduct, writing or orally. This is accepted by the other party called the offeree. It is only until the offeree communicates an acceptance to the offeror that the contract can become valid. This can be by action, writing or orally. Offers made orally give room for negotiations from the offeree. Alterations can be made or counter offers suitable to the offeree can be given after which a solid binding agreement is made. Atiyah (155) explains that the acceptance must indicate an agreement by the offeree to the terms used in the offer. This means there is already concurrence of wills between the two or more parties. It is better if the acceptance is put into a written form as future evidence against any breaches. This is because existence of agreement in the minds alone cannot be used by courts as evidence incase of breach of contract. The contract will be considered valid when writing, registration and signing has been completed by